Fools Crow

The tribal status of White Man’s Dog, as it were in the beginning of Fools Crow, was certainly not as he desired it to be. Due to the position of wealth his father had risen to, it seems the tribe expected much from him. Welch does not go into great detail concerning the views of the tribes people on White Man’s Dog, but Yellow Kidney describes him on page 7 as having â€Å"much heart but (being) unlucky†[1]. It is true, being eight-teen without a wife and having only three horses, none of which being block horn runners; White Man’s Dog does in fact appear unlucky. However, Yellow Kidney plays a major role in the reversal of this luck. White Man’s Dog has a complete turn in tribal status, earning a wife and horses as well as a new identity with in the tribe. Dreams are a constant theme in Fools Crow. Many different characters have dreams, and each responds differently to them. During the journey to the Crow Raid, White Man’s Dog has a dream about naked women desiring him, but fears danger if he goes. He wants to inform Yellow Kidney of this dream put hesitates due to advice he had received from his father. In the end this was a costly decision, as the dream comes to fruition during the raid, not White Man’s Dog, but for Yellow Kidney. Turns-out the alarm for risk was valid, as Yellow Kidney gets very sick from his encounter with the Crow Women. When news of White Mans Dog feels responsible[2] for this outcome. During this same raid, Fast Horse also has a dream. Fast Horse is prideful and boasts of his dream, which turned out to not come true. Fast Horse was greatly humiliated by this and seemed to have his future driven by it. The most consequential dream was had by Mik-api. In this dream, Mik-api spoke to Raven about Wolverine who was trapped, and needed White Man’s Dog to help him. This dream did in fact come to realization and resulted in White Man’s Dog gaining confidence and his ‘medicine’. As a result of White Man’s Dog realizing his new inner strength, he was able to take part in war against the Crows. This battle would prove life changing for White Man’s Dog as it would be where he earned his new name; Fools Crow. His great modesty made acceptance of his new name very difficult. The meaning behind it had been stretched greatly out of its real context. During battle, White Man’s Dog played dead, fooling the Crow Chief, Bull Shield. Because Bull Shield assumed White Man’s Dog was indeed dead, it was possible for him to spring up and kill the chief. This account was, as I said, greatly inflated and reported that, with use of medicine, White Man’s Dog was able to fool all the crows, thus earning his new name Fools Crow. As I have read through all the tales and recounts contained in the many great pieces of Native American Literature, one theme has stood out to me more than anything else. Maybe it is due to my admiration for nature, but it seems all tribes made great attempts to both explain natural events and create an association of these events with human life. Welch clearly depicts the Blackfoot people as being of this same mind frame. The names and life given to the wind, the sun and various animals’ reports on their own view of the world they live in. The relationship a male Blackfoot has with â€Å"his animal† shows this relationship between humans and nature. This disposition, of a human and nature link, shows the worldview of this tribe clearly as an all-encompassing outlook. They undoubtedly see the world as one big union, everything being linked to one another. The walk I took with White Man’s Dog, growing and changing into Fools Crow was an intense one to say the least. James Welch has the uncanny ability to connect reader to character and I feel as if Fools Crow and I have a bond, as if he and his story have been made alive with in the many nights I’ve spent with him.

Fish Bone Chart Essay

ABSTRACT The experiment aims to analyze the causes of each problem (effect) identified in raw eggs and mayonnaise products during manufacturing and processing through the use of fish-bone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams (cause and effect diagrams).Additionally, dispersion analysis and process classification type fish-bone diagrams were used. The result of the experiment showed that process classification diagram is more effective in pinpointing specific causes of error/ problems thus help more in formulation of corrective actions to be taken. However, dispersion analysis concentrates more in analyzing the general root causes of the errors/ problems, thus fails to identify minor causes of the problems. I. INTRODUCTION A fish-bone diagram, also known as Ishikawa diagram or a cause-and-effect diagram, is an organized tool that helps manufacturers in identifying the possible causes of quality problems (Forman, 2001). This visual tool is also used for organizing possible causes of defect in different categories. It has angled lines, or the ‘bones’, which represents a possible cause of error. Each bone can have ‘sub-bones’ which contains further details about a possible cause of error. The ‘bones’ are joined together in a singular straight line that describes the main defect. This outline gives a shape similar to the bones of a fish, hence the name fishbone chart as seen in Figure 1. Figure 1. Fishbone Diagram (Cinergix Ltd, undated) There are three main types of fishbone diagrams namely, the dispersion analysis type, product process classification type, and the cause enumeration type. The dispersion analysis type organizes and relates the factors that result in the difference among the product and other process  outcomes. The production process classification type is made by making the steps in the production process be the major ribs of the fishbone diagram. It focuses on each step of the process to determine all possible causes of the error. In the cause enumeration type, all possible causes that results to the defect is determined and then organized to show the relationships to the aspect of product of process quality that is being examined (Florac, 1999). II. METHODOLOGY Prior to the exercise, the group identified and listed possible defects in both eggs and mayonnaise. One possible defect was then chosen for each the raw material (eggs) and the finished product (mayonnaise). The possible defects chosen were cracked eggshells and unstable emulsion for the raw material and finished product, respectively. The group then constructed two types of fishbone diagrams (Dispersion Analysis and Process Classification) for each of the chosen possible defects by identifying and writing its main causes and further causes in the diagram. The diagrams were then analyzed by the group to determine the root cause of the defects and to identify and suggest corrective actions to eliminate it. The effectiveness and efficiency of the corrective actions were also considered and analyzed. The group then presented the diagrams to the class. III. SUMMARY OF RESULTS (See Appendix) IV. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS Dispersion analysis and process classification type of fishbone diagrams are used in the analyzation of the causes of the problems identified. Dispersion analysis cause and effect diagrams are structured in such a way that the factors contributing to the problem under study are classified into the â€Å"standard six† which are manpower, methods, materials, measurement, operators, and environments. Process classification diagrams on the other hand are structured in such a way that the factors are classified according to steps involved in the process (Brassard and Ritter, 1994). In the case of mayonnaise, some of the steps are sifting, mixing and filling. In terms of emphasis, dispersion analysis CE diagrams are advantageous in such a way that it helps organize and relate the factors that lead up to the problem. However its drawback is that it may fail to identify minor causes that may  be overlooked (Omachonu & Ross, 2005). On the other hand, the advantage of process classification CE diagrams is that is easier to create because it follows the process in a product. However, redundancy may occur. Process classification is often used when the problem encountered cannot be isolated into a single department (Basu, 2011). An example of which is faulty factory workers which may be a reoccurring problem in all steps. This makes it hard to pin point what corrective action should be performed (Omachonu & Ross, 2005). Based on the exercise, it was observed that the use of process classification CE diagrams are more effective in being able to identify the specific causes of errors within a process however; dispersion analysis CE diagrams were able to pinpoint general root causes of the problem by narrowing down the sources of errors into the â€Å"standard six†. General corrective actions can be generated using dispersion analysis CE diagrams but process specific corrective actions can be generated from process classification CE diagrams V. REFERENCES Basu, R. (2011). Fit sigma: A lean approac to building stustaiable quality beyond six sigma. (1st ed., p. 71). UK: John WIley and Sons Ltd. Brassard, M. and D. Ritter. (1994) The Memory Jogger II: A Pocket Guide of Tools for Continuous Improvement & Effective Planning ,Methuen, MA: Goal/QPC. Accessed via: http://www.goalqpc.com Cinergix Ltd. (n.d.). Graphic Organizer Templates. Retrieved January 3, 2012, from Creately: http://creately.com/examples/Graphic-Organizer-Templates Florac, W. C. (1999). Measuring the Software Process: Statistical Process Control for Software Process Improvement. Indianopolis: Addison-Wesley Professional. Forman, E. S. (2001). Decision by Objectives: How to Convince Others That You Are Right. Washington: World Scientific. Omachonu, V. K., & Ross , J. E. (2005). Principles of totaly quality. (3rd ed., p. 265). New York: CRC PRess.

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK Essay - 1

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK - Essay Example To communicate effectively, Health promotion and communication theory is the most idea since besides passing the message, it gives the health advantages of the campaign, detailing the most preferred ways of prevention. The high rates of HIV among black men shows that they need to adopt behavior change in order to reduce the high risk of infection. The efficiency of campaigns on behavior change e among these individuals will depend on several factors. These factors are evident from the health belief model. Effective communication should target on ensuring that the target perceives the threat of HIV realistically. This will involve an understanding that an individual is susceptible to the disease. In addition, these men should realize the severity of the disease. HIV management has severe consequences that include economical strains and social stigma. Black men realizing the severity of the matter are likely to conform to behavior change reducing their risk of infection. However, majority of the men in the group of men below thirty years perceive a very low risk of transmitting HIV and hinders preventing measures (Owuor, 2009). The perception of the barriers involved in attaining behavior change is critical in determining whether an individual can overcome the barriers and adopt a responsible sexual behavior. Some youth claim that barriers to behavior change involve the reduction of enjoy ability of sex. For majority of black men below the age of thirty, this is a limiting factor to consistent practice of protected sex. In addition, the societal view of condom use and the portrayal of enjoyment of sex without condoms in mass media hinder the target group from effective behavior change. The commonness of HIV with this group is due to the increase of homosexuality. Most of the homosexuals have not adopted any behavior changes despite the high prevalence. The efficiency of prevention will be determined by

Ethics Awareness Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Awareness Paper - Essay Example According to the Ethics Awareness Test I had taken, my ethical perspective is based on what is good to be, the virtues and characters of an individual as opposed to what is good to do, i.e. the actions of individuals when faced in circumstances where they are forced to make a choice. In this paper, I will apply the results of this Inventory Test to my personal and professional development and thus explain how my experience in Education has contributed to the development on how I think ethically. I will also address the use of ethics in decision making and discuss potential conflicts that will arise in situations where people have different ethical perspectives compared to mine. According to the test, my ethical perspective is based on the obligation of an individual on what is morally good to be. In my professional and personal life, the results of this test indicated that I will most definitely look at the person’s actions and character to determine the intention of the said individual. For instance, as a law enforcement officer, while investigating a crime, I will first look at the character of the suspect and later on come up with a conclusion of the intentions of his actions. The test supports the idea that I look beyond actions to determine an individual’s character; uprightness and integrity are the key elements of my analysis. For instance as an interrogation officer within the police department, I may face difficult circumstances that will warrant me to make a choice. For example, while conducting interrogation on a bank robbery suspect, the robber confesses to me where he hid his loot but offers to pay me a substantial amount of money if I sit on his confession and let him go. My actions at such a scenario will depend on my character. My character will determine if I follow the Codes and Ethics of Law enforcement officers and use this confession to facilitate his prosecution (Corey and Callanan, 1998). I will be unable to act morally and in accordance with the codes and conduct of Law Enforcement agencies if I do not possess the character of honesty and Integrity. My ethical thinking and view are greatly shaped with my education experience. My experience in Studies on Criminal Justice Administration has changed my ethical view point from focusing on my selfish interests without looking at what my actions could lead to in the enforcement of the law. Before attending my studies on Criminal Justice Procedures, I thought of my own interests and did not have a clear picture on what results my actions have in the criminal justice system and the society at large (Campbell and Pfister, 2002). However, I have learnt that these elements - honesty, integrity and the urge to do right; significantly affect one’s ethical views besides building their characters. My ability to make decisions is based on my perspectives of ethics. For instance, some things might appear to be good but in reality they are not. Based on this, I am an individual who will examine facts about a particular situation or event, analyzing the characters of individuals involved in relation to their actions at the same time looking at what the impact of my decision will be to the criminal justice system and society. Based on the test, I have realized that people have their own ethical perspectives, beliefs and behaviors that they strictly adhere to. As an individual, I respect their views and behaviors with a condition that they do

Management or management function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management or management function - Essay Example Planning is a continuous process to carry out company’s functions in a manner to achieve the predefined objectives of the company. Planning is necessary throughout the business lifecycle because it evaluates the current condition of the organization’s performance and checks the credibility of the current plan. If the current plan lacks in terms of performance and does not look suitable to achieve the objectives of the firm, management principles require the plans to be altered according to the requirements. However, it is necessary to implement the plans as they are arranged. The basic rule is to remember that â€Å"nothing happens without a plan†. Organizing is another important function of management which requires deciding on the organizational structure. It includes the important procedures of division, coordination and control of functions within the organization. It also establishes a route for the flow of information throughout the organizational structure. The importance given to communication should not be ignored and hence the process of organizing is important to deliver the right information to the right person on the right time. This function of management also decides the level of authority given to each employee. Hence, this function is also important for the day to day activities of the business. Managers must concentrate on the smallest possible point while organizing as a smaller mistake may affect the performance and reputation of the organization. Staffing is the process which most of the people associate with organizing. It involves the processes of hiring, recruiting, training, performance evaluation of employees and decisions about compensation of the employees. This process involves the decision of choosing the right person for the right job with the right authorities to carry out that particular job. It is often a difficult decision as it is not certain that the person concerned is well

To what extent does political participation reflect a bias in favor of Essay

To what extent does political participation reflect a bias in favor of the privileged - Essay Example This is particularly reflected in political participation. Inherent Inequality Ideally, political exercise is open to all. The constitution and the collective laws of any democratic government ensure this. Here, most people are eligible to seek public office or be involved in electing people to public positions. For some communities, even those who do not know how to read and right are not excluded to participate. Unfortunately, the electoral process in democracies today is characterized by competition, wherein political participation is â€Å"circumscribed by unequal access to both resources and the decision-making process.†1 Equality would have been easier to practice in the brand of direct democracy adopted in Greece, wherein all citizens are entitled a voice in policymaking. But the circumstance today – one about political participation through representation – is radically different. The rules and dynamics of choosing representatives are no longer as straigh tforward as those in the past. Resources are needed in order to get represented and this aspect tilts the balance to those who have more than others. This is highlighted by the predomination of individuals and private enterprises in political exercises with their capability to influence all policy networks. Elitism In the United States, political representation is especially biased towards the elite. The manner in which individuals are elected, demonstrates a process wherein the privileged enjoy extreme advantage. For example, there are no laws that regulate private expenditures for partisan political purposes. The system currently treats private funding in the American elections as part of the egalitarian value of freedom to support the candidate of one’s choice. The argument is that when one restricts the use of money, it is tantamount to restricting the rights to liberty and free speech. This is demonstrated in the way candidates in the US can buy advertising airtime in th e media. Private money in this instance is translated into a very important political resource, severely disadvantaging those individuals and parties that do not have the means or cannot raise them in time. Chapman classified the privileged between the socio-economic elite and the political elite. She explained that the latter tend be dominated by the former and that in most likelihood property, income, occupation and education are those that would render people from this class more likely to enter politics.2 Another variable that underscore the bias of the current democratic political participation in the US is the conservative view on politics. This is manifested best by the American Electoral College system, wherein popular vote is disregarded in favor of certain groups and individuals. The Founding Fathers of the American Constitution were known to have noted the fickleness and selfishness of the masses and, hence, entrusted the power to elect the American President in the hands of the learned and the capable. This is rationalized, wrote Sullivan, Piereson and Marcus, by the idea that universal transformation of human nature is too much to expect and that political representation should be given only to the virtuous or the â€Å"more highly educated and more responsible segments of the public.†3 And so when Al Gore won the popular election, George W. Bush was elected

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Psychology - Essay Example Lastly, a minor motivator is the want to understand more the cultural and societal factors in the area, which is more of an interest to the Peace Corps volunteer and expert. Role requirements are necessary in an organization because it gives structure and authority in the leadership capacity to make decisions. However, in the topic of leadership, conflict arises in these contexts and sometimes occurs as a result of the role requirements. The first main conflict topic is regarding that this is primarily a business venture being backed by bank money. The main leader, Bjorn, represents the Banks interest, which means his role is to oversee all the others to make sure that profit is made from this venture. Many of the subordinates see that he has taken more of an interest in the humanitarian aspect and is challenging this on the basis that they are unbiased by the matter and have better experience in business. In addition, John Anderson, who is the resident humanitarian expert, is there to serve as an observer as far as to help explain the cultural and social phenomenon should complications arise. ... The fact that the cultures of France, America, and Colombia are represented alone would pose a significant cultural convergence, which would influence their decisions regarding how the mission should be run. The differing motivational factors created a huge conflict in the work environment. The first being that this was a business venture and that the funding for the project was based on the success of the mission, for which everyone was responsible. This clashed with the social and cultural implications, which other team members put above that. The stress of the mission also was causing Bjorn to be a micromanager, which made others seem like they were wasting time with all the obsessive and meaningless meetings. All of this ends up leading to arguing where they cannot work together because of clashing viewpoints. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on a pyramid in which a person must overcome certain needs in order to reach a point of being which Maslow termed self-actualiza tion. Bjorn would be in the safety point due to the fact that the success of this mission is on him as the team leader and that if he fails, he will no longer have job security with the Bank. Eduardo and Aziz would be in the love/belonging phase in that even while on the mission, they seeks social engagement from people and seems to enjoy the social contact rather than the work aspect. Dupre and Mathuri are in the esteem phase in that they have already had success in the Bank being higher up representatives. They are clearly in the mission for the spoils in that by the mission succeeding, they will receive the overdue recognition and hopefully be given the leadership opportunities they want. Lastly, John is at the point of self-actualization. Since he is merely a consultant, he is not

Career Commitment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Commitment - Assignment Example In the case of the former, it emanates from employees being emotionally attached to their organizations (Tiwari, 2009). They identify with the objectives and values of the organization and work towards accomplishing the given goals. In some instances, a commitment to an organization occurs due to fear of losing jobs. In such a case, the employees consider the pros and cons when they leave the organizations. Due to the organization commitment, employees have an obligation to work towards achieving the goals of an organization. Career committed employees are relatively mobile because they are in constant search of better opportunities to advance in their careers. The employees consider their personal goals in line with career objective more than the benefit to an organization (Carter, Cook & Dorsey, 2009). When the employees leave for better opportunities, then organizations suffer. They have to spend money on recruiting new individuals. The normal operations of the organization undergo interruption due to the loss of input from such workers. In general, career committed workers are always on the move. Compared to the organizational commitment, career committed workers negatively impact on the success of an organization. As people advance in age, organizational commitments become

RISK ASSESSMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RISK ASSESSMENT - Term Paper Example In terms of its performance, it is observed that GDI has experienced a consistent growth with regard to its operations for a substantial period of six years with the incorporation of well-crafted management strategies. GDI intends to focus on augmenting its operational performance through technological innovation as well as automation. . The operations of GDI are controlled by the effective leadership of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Jamie Pierce. Identification of the Organizational Assets Assets can be defined as the tangible or intangible items or variables which are possessed by an organization which are made use of in the process of executing their primary functions. Moreover, assets also yield economic values to the organizations in future under certain circumstances. Furthermore, assets are divided into two parts which comprise fixed and current assets (Harrison, 2006). Fixed assets can be stated as the assets purchased by the organizations for long-term use which can be ident ified as property, machinery and furniture among others (University of Cambridge, 2000). Current assets can be defined as the type of assets which are utilized by the organizations into their operations on a daily basis which include cash in hand, inventory, goodwill and short-term investment among others (Svensson, 2008). With due consideration to this aspect, it can be stated that GDI also has certain pertinent assets through which they operate and serve their customers. Furthermore, the assets of GDI comprise certain number of infrastructures located in Canada, the United States and Mexico and the organization is also having a center situated on 9th floor of the corporate tower. Furthermore, GDI also has certain number of information technology based resources along with heavy and light vehicles which also act as an asset for the organization. The existing employees can also be termed as the tangible assets for GDI this is because with the assistances and performances of the empl oyees the organization earns profits and growth as well as sustainability. Along with the employees, the prevailing shares of GDI also act as an asset for the organization. Assessment of the Organizational Risks From the presented scenario, it is derived that the CEO of GDI Jamie Pierce decided to take certain measures for reducing the operational cost of the organization by lowering manpower by means of incorporating outsourcing along with 30% of the organizational budget. In relation to these measures, GDI can face certain problems while running the business processes. The problems can be identified as political issues, ineffective strategic planning, improper flow of organizational operations or processes and lesser security related to organizational data due to the activities. The political related issues can arise from the reduction of manpower within GDI because the employees generally have certain association with labor unions as a result massive reductions of employees from the organization can lead to strikes or problems while running the business process. Ineffective strategic planning can also come in the way of operating the business efficiently because the reduction of budget and manpower from the operations can de-motivate other employees. The reduction in percentage of budget also can lead to unavailability of required resources at the time of emergencies or while planning and serving with their related products or services. The reduction of bu

A part of presentation Speech or Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A part of - Speech or Presentation Example r practice platform; whereby on one hand, there is consumer expertise and free creativity, on the other hand the ways that the consumer activities are desirable by marketers. Co-creation however has marketing challenges with the establishment of ambiences that programs the freedom of consumers to exist in ways that allow harnessing of new liberated consumers and productive capabilities (Lury, 2004). The exchange of value and production of products or service depends mostly on capturing and generating iterative social communication as well as cooperation among consumers and corporations and consumers themselves. The principles of co-creation demonstrate the reconfiguration of power and labor characteristic of knowledge based and contemporary capitalism (Prahalad,2000). Putting customers to work is not entirely a new idea. For example, the increase in rationalized processes of the Facebook world that has relied much on appropriating customer work. Facebook allows its users to share their personal information on the website and also collects information from the `like` option then sells the data to other advertising websites hence earning money through the information shared. This makes the company successful and more profitable. Hereby, the co-creation concept illustrates how Facebook transfers the logic of consumer work from the production sphere and process efficiency to innova tion and development of a new product (Ritzer, 2004). Economy of co-creation involves experiments of value creation new possibilities, which are based on expropriation of technological, affective, cultural and social labor of the customer masses. Based on the consumer cooperation, co-creation demonstrates a dialogical model that does not privilege the vision of a company on production but what constitutes on the customer value or the marketing profession. In this case, rather than make customers work to rationalize the process of production as well as focus on their efficiency,

Scientific method Essay Example for Free

Scientific method Essay In recent years, there has been an increased interest in angels. As Christian ministers, it is critical that we have an adequate biblical understanding of angels and be able to utilize discernment when dealing with angelic encounters. A parishioner at Oak Hill Uni Xerox Case Study Analysis Xerox Case Study Analysis The challenge facing Xerox and its management is complex, challenging and probably not unique. The company had been dependent on its highly trained sales force to turn a profit on their existing products and had not focused on new product opportunities until the develop Premium 1039 Words 5 Pages Case Study Case Study Analysis Summary ABC, Inc. recruiter Carl Robins has been given the task of recruiting new hires for his company. With only a few months experience himself, Carl has hired 15 new employees to work for Monica Carrolls. Carls responsibilities include organizing information and prepa Premium 825 Words 4 Pages Tylenol Case Study. Tylenol Case Study The discipline of public relations is a modern profession which has been in existence for only close to a century; however, it has already taken an important role in the fields of business, government, entertainment and non-profit organizations including educational institutions Premium 1457 Words 6 Pages Case Study, Sas Institute Inc. Case Study, SAS Institute Inc. The management culture is a very important factor in the imprinting of a company: it shapes the relationship between working environment and employee satisfaction. I will answer a few questions regarding the SASs particular strategy of running the business in which t Premium 1085 Words 5 Pages Case Study Executive Summary Background Carl Robins, the new campus recruiter for ABC, Inc. recruited several new hires in early April to work for Monica Carrolls, the Operations Supervisor. He scheduled the new hire orientation to take place June 15, with all the new hires working by July. On May 15, Carl Premium 1203 Words 5 Pages Case Study Analyses: the Gap, Inc. The central purpose of writing this Case Study Analyses on The Gap, Inc. is to identify and isolate key issues and their underlying implications and offer practical solutions and plans for implementing those solutions. This will be done by highlighting the social influences that influence the G Premium 1676 Words 7 Pages Case Study Anaylsis Case study analysis In large companies there is a huge amount of production that relays on communication between employees and managers. The employees involved with the companies must also posses good organizational skills in order to keep all of the tasks in order for a great turn out at the end Premium 843 Words 4 Pages Case Study: Halliburton Corp. and the Issue of Politics Case Study: Halliburton Corp. and the issue of politics. This case study examines Halliburton Corps current strategy for expanding operations in the Libyan oil market in respect to choosing locations overseas, and integrating successfully with the local community.

Effects of Meditation on Cerebral Activity

Effects of Meditation on Cerebral Activity Doris L. Scheer Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania conducted the first functional neuroimaging study to demonstrate changes in cerebral activity during glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). It’s not difficult to find research on Buddhist practices such as meditation but few researchers have conducted studies on Christian practices such as glossolalia. In fact, this was the first time that researchers took brain images during this phenomenon. Glossolalia is a spiritual practice or a worship expression that is referred to as speaking or praying in tongues. This mental state induces a spiritual experience in which incomprehensible language is produced without control. It is known that the frontal lobes are involved in willful control of behaviors (Frith et al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1991). Therefore, it was hypothesized that glossolalia, associated with the perceived loss of intentional control, would be associated with decreased activity in the frontal lobes compared with singing. T he SPECT technique used in this study measures regional cerebral blood flow that correlates closely with cerebral activity (Newberg et al., 2006). CBF ratios were compared between the glossolalia and singing state using a paired t-test (Minitab Statistical Software, 2000). Several significant rCBF differences were found, and the brain images taken while speaking in tongues showed minimal activity in both the frontal lobes and language centers of the brain. This discovery leads us to question how they were even capable of producing this behavior. The Old and New Testaments of the bible says that this ability comes from the holy spirit—our means of communicating with god, but how these women were able to speak without using the region of the brain that controls speaking is a mystery that neuroscience is trying to uncover. The research design involved a nonexperimental method in which relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest. This may be done by asking people to describe their behavior, directly observing behavior, and/or recording physiological responses. In all these cases, variables are observed as they occur naturally (p. 77, P.C. Cozby and S.C. Bates, 2012). In this study, cerebral activity during glossolalia and singing were compared by measuring the cerebral blood flow ratios between each state by using a paired t-test. Because the nonexperimental method allows us to observe covariation between variables, another term that is frequently used to describe this procedure is the correlational method. With this method, researchers examine whether the variables correlate or vary together (p. 78, Cozby and Bates, 2012). The laboratory experiment setting permits researchers to more easily keep extraneous variables constant, thereby eliminating their influ ence on the outcome of the experiment (e.g. distractions). However, it is precisely this control that leads to the artificiality of the laboratory investigation (rather than their natural setting such as church or home). Fortunately, when researchers have conducted experiments in both lab and field settings, the results of the experiments have been very similar (Anderson, Lindsay, Bushman, 1999). This is reassuring. For this study, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania recruited five Christian women between the ages of 38 and 52 years old who had been speaking in tongues for at least five years. In the Philadelphia community of Pennsylvania both men and women perform glossolalia but the number of women who practice glossolalia is substantially higher. The researchers also reported difficulty in finding experienced practitioners willing to perform glossolalia in a laboratory setting. Andrew B. Newberg et al. (2006) explains that while this complicates the statistical analysis, the number of subjects was sufficient to reveal statistically significant results (p. 70). First, they obtained informed consent which was approved by the Institutional Review Board and then conducted structured clinical interviews. After ruling out any psychological disorders, neurological or medical conditions, or medications that would affect cerebral function, subjects were given a pregnancy test before placing an intravenous cannula (IV) in one arm. In order for the participants to move freely during singing and glossolalia, they made sure to use a long IV line. In addition, researchers observed all subjects to ensure that both singing and glossolalia conditions were as similar as possible in terms of patient vocalization and motion. Subjects reported that the glossolalia was perceived to be non-voluntary. Throughout both conditions, the subjects were standing while moving both their arms and legs in a similar rhythmic manner. Consequently, no significant changes were observed in the motor cortex; however, the phonemic structure was different between the two condition s. After the first five minutes of singing, subjects were injected through the IV with 7 mCi of 99mTc-Bicisate, and then brought to the SPECT scanner for a 40-min scan after a total of 20 minutes singing altogether. Next, subjects returned to the same room to perform glossolalia for 20 minutes and then scanned for 30 minutes using the same imaging parameters. After the first five minutes performing glossolalia, the subjects had also been unobtrusively injected with 25 mCi of 99mTc-ECD fifteen minutes before the scan. The results were hypothesis driven so comparisons were only tested for the major structures of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus (also referred to as regions of interest [ROIs] throughout the study). Results indicated that the data between the glossolalia and singing state revealed several significant rCBF differences (cerebral blood flow ratios). Researchers also reported significant decreases in the prefrontal cortices, left caudate and left temporal pole while there were increases in the left superior parietal lobe (SPL) and right amygdala (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). A percentage change in CBF ratios had been calculated for each region and a laterality index (LI) representing the percentage difference between the right and left side was also calculated revealing a significant negative correlation (R=-0.90, P=0.03) between the singing and glossolalia thalamic LI. According to A.B. Newberg et al. (2006) this indi cated that the more the thalamic activity was asymmetric to begin with, the more the asymmetry reversed during glossolalia (p. 69). The author’s interpretation of the results suggests that this preliminary study has begun to elucidate the neurophysiological correlates of glossolalia. Changes in several brain structures suggest that there is complex brain activity during this unusual practice (p. 70, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). According to the author, the present study is the first that they are aware of that has evaluated changes in cerebral activity during the practice of glossolalia. In regards to their hypotheses, they observed decreased activity in the prefrontal cortices during the glossolalia state (p. 70). This finding was clearly distinct from their previous study of meditation using the same imaging technique (Newberg et al., 2001). Neuroimaging studies have also shown increased frontal lobe activity during attention-focusing tasks (Frith et al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1991). The author found it interesting that the frontal lobes showed decreased perfusion during glossolalia which was consistent wit h the subject’s description of a lack of intentional control over the performance of glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Furthermore, the left hemispheric structures appeared to have significant decreases that were not observed in the right hemisphere and the lack of a clear lateralization in the frontal lobes suggests that the expressive language parts of the brain may not be as directly affected by glossolalia as might be expected (p. 70, Newberg et al., 2006). The author had previously argued, and found, decreased activity in the SPL during meditation in which there is a described loss of the sense of self, however, glossolalia was not associated with a loss of the sense of self and there were no significant decreases in the SPL (p. 70). The author’s interpretation of the significant decrease in the left caudate is of uncertain significance but suggested that it may relate to the altered emotional activity during glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Several implications for further research were provided based on potential confounding problems within the study. Although the author claimed that the number of subjects was sufficient to reveal statistically significant results, I think caution should be used when generalizing results with a sample size less than 30 (in this case, 5). In addition, all female subjects were recruited from the same local community. A researcher more interested in the external validity of the research might conduct nonexperimental research with a more diverse population and this study had a highly restricted sample (p. 86, P.C. Cozby and S.C. Bates, 2012). There are many advantages of the experimental method for studying relationships between variables but there are also disadvantages to experiments and many good reasons for using methods other than experiments; so, although laboratory experiments often have strong internal validity, they may often have limited external validity (Cozby and Bates, 2012). In addition, glossolalia was performed in a laboratory setting rather than a natural environment such as a home o r church where a field experiment might yield different results. Being in a more spiritually inductive environment may potentially deepen their ability to further immense themselves into an even deeper glossolalia state. Perhaps a more natural environment and longer session would alter the brain activity that was originally recorded in this study. It would also be interesting to study whether younger or older subjects would be capable of performing glossolalia with the same results found in this study of middle to upper aged women between 38 and 52 years old. The inclusion of male subjects who practice glossolalia as well as a more culturally diverse sample would also increase the external validity of the research. Previously, I briefly mentioned how laboratory experiments often have strong internal validity. What I was pleased to read in the study was how all subjects were observed to ensure that the two conditions (both singling and glossolalia) were as similar as possible (p. 68, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Subjects began by singing in the room, while standing, with her eyes closed, matching her condition during glossolalia. The same music was also used for both conditions. I think these were important things to take into consideration. To rule out any other variables, subjects were also tested for mental disorders, substance abuse, neurological and medical conditions, or if they take medications that would affect cerebral function prior to the study. Further evaluation of the quality of this study revealed that this study was in fact reported in a peer-reviewed journal (Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2006, Vol. 148(1), pp.67-71 [Peer Reviewed Journal]). The practice of glossolalia is di scussed in both the Old and New Testaments of the bible which has outlived every critic since the beginning of time yet it’s still common for religious studies to receive a lot of criticism. It was originally thought that glossolalia was related to some form of psychopathology; however, the limited number of reported studies have suggested that people who speak in tongues show no differences in personality traits from other population groups—no increases in depression, anxiety, mania, or psychosis (Hine, 1969; Richardson, 1973). In fact, a recent study of nearly a thousand clergy members revealed that 80% who practiced glossolalia had greater emotional stability and less neuroticism (Francis and Robbins, 2003). Perhaps the practice of glossolalia actually increased their emotional stability and decreased neuroticism. Clearly causation could not be inferred but if further research could address the limitations I discussed in the previous paragraph, there could be powerf ul implications. Therefore, based on my assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this study I think it is very important. The results of this study revealed that the part of our brain that is used for speaking was not activated while speaking in tongues. This suggests that the ability to speak in tongues comes from something else deep within us, confirming what the bible teaches about this spiritual gift called glossolalia. The news story did a fairly good job conveying the substance of the empirical study. It reported a brief yet accurate description of the sample, procedure, and results of the study. As I’ve mentioned previously, Buddhist practices such as meditation has recently become a popular research interest but Christian practices such as glossolalia have not been given quite as much attention so it was interesting to see comparisons being made in both the study and news story. The author of the news story shined light on this subject by emphasizing how the new findings contrasted sharply with images taken of other spiritually inspired mental states like meditation, which is often a highly focused mental exercise, activating the frontal lobes (Carey, 2006). I would say that more details could have been incorporated into the news story but a link to the actual study was provided for those who were curious enough to dig a little deeper. The story basically just hit the important aspects of the study and major findings. Furthermore, there was a good match between the strengths of the study and the way that the story was reported. It was interesting how the author of the news story incorporated important insights from the leader of the study team that I did not recall reading in the study. For instance, â€Å"the amazing thing was how the images supported people’s interpretation of what was happening,† said Dr. Andrew B. Newberg, leader of the study team, which included Donna Morgan, Nancy Wintering and Mark Waldman. â€Å"The way they describe it, and what they believe, is that God is talking through them,† he said. Dr. Newberg is also a co-author of â€Å"Why We Believe What We Believe.† And Ms. Morgan, a co-author of the study, was also a research subject (Carey, 2006). This was information I did not gather from the study alone so I assume that interviews must have been conducted and incorporated into the news story which adds a lot of in sight useful in evaluating the research in its entirety. Some of the findings that might have been underemphasized included results from some of the four hypotheses that may not be considered significant enough to emphasize in the media report. For example, one finding underemphasized in the news story was that the researchers did not observe the hypothesized increase in thalamic activity and it was not clear what such a finding may represent from a physiological perspective (p. 70, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Again, I think the reporter made this particular choice because it didn’t necessarily support or impact the main point. References Carey, B. (2006, November 7). A neuroscientific look at speaking in tongues. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/health/07brain.html?_r=0 Cozby, P.C., Bates, S.C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Newberg, A.B., Wintering, N.A., Morgan, D., Waldman, M.R. (2006). The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during glossolalia: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging 148 (1), 67-71.

Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks

Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks The World of Energy Drinks Introduction: Energy drinks are defined as â€Å"soft drink[s] containing a high percentage of sugar, caffeine, or†¦ [other] stimulant[s]† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2014). The popularity and consumption of energy drinks in today’s world is immensely widespread, especially among athletes and athletic institutions. Albeit this new category of beverages is somewhat novel, it has become a central and imperative weapon for those in need of a boost in their performance (Aufiero, 2014). Energy drinks –for the first time in history –have almost become the fuel of choice when engaging in physically demanding tasks; this is most likely due to its high-sugar content (Breda et al., 2014). Additionally, the deliciously empowering world of energy drinks has managed to influence a staggering 68% of adolescents –i.e. age ten to eighteen –in the European Union alone (Breda et al., 2014). History: The first energy drink was crafted in the year 1962 by Taisho Pharmaceuticals –a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in Tokyo (Engber, 2014). According to Engber (2014), this particular energy drink was called Lipovitan D. At its inception, Lipovitan D was sold as an energizing tonic, and, it was labelled as especially caffeinated and vitamin fortified (Engber, 2014). Lipovitan D was initially targeted to and consumed by executives in Japan that fought to appropriate success (Engber, 2014). By the 1980’s, the energy drink market had already attained global notoriety. Although Lipovitan D did not dominate the international markets, it was the first beverage to be solely and specifically classified as an energy drink (Engber, 2014). The next major brand of energy drinks to dominate the market was known as Red Bull (Preceden, 2014). Created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz –an Austrian Businessman, Red Bull was introduced to the United States of America in 199 7 (Engber, 2014; Green and Keegan, 2013:175). Red Bull would be the catalyst to immensely expand the energy drink market. According to â€Å"Gary Hemphill, director of research for the Beverage Marketing Corporation,† ‘the energy drink market attained â€Å"$11 billion in retail sales’† alone (Engber, 2014). Current Viewpoints: Energy drinks today are the epitome of popularity. They can be found at any major shopping outlet with varying flavours and sizes. In contemporary media, celebrities, advertisements and television personalities are enlisted to help boost the notoriety and sales of energy drinks. Furthermore, energy beverages are frequently associated with maximum performance in numerous sports today. As of 2012, the energy drink market was worth an astounding $37 billion (Zenith International, 2012). In today’s market, the energy drink is still predicted to â€Å"grow at a CAGR [Compound Annual Growth Rate] of 13.38 percent over the period 2013-2018† (Infiniti Research Limited, 2014). The bravado and intense ferocity of the energy drink market shows no sign of declining in the near future. According to (Transparency Market Research, 2014), the unimpeded and fertile growth of energy beverage in the global market is due to the increasing growth and consumption of energy drinks by numerous age groups. This immense growth has also been supported by the notion that they are better than other carbonated, sugary drinks that are almost full to busting with sugar (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The lucrative nature of the energy drink market has proved seductive to countless manufactures; they employ sales tactics –e.g. elaborate packaging, imaginative advertising, etc. –to take advantage this cash crop (Transparency Market Research, 2014). It is also predicted that the energy drink market will soon target untouched segments of the market in order to further improve sales (Transparency Market Research, 2014). With major brands such as Red Bull dominatin g 30% of the market, energy beverages still remain a popular choice among the masses who are in need of a significant increase of energy (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The astounding benefits of energy drinks are somewhat marred by the development of research that criticizes and flags this beverage industry giant as being potentially lethal. New studies show that energy drink consumption can alter the rhythms of the heart (Lambert, 2014). A recent study at the University of Bonn in western Germany discovered that the left ventricle within the heart contracted harder after the consumption of an energy drink. Other critics and researchers have also attributed increases in â€Å"heart rate, blood pressure†¦body temperature,† and, â€Å"psychological effects such as anxiety and sleep disturbances† to energy beverages. (Lambert, 2014). With a modicum amount of research to belie the sanctity of the energy drink, it could prove to be severely detrimental to the human body over time. Hypothesis: The numerous disadvantages and detriments that exist within the energy drink will surpass the advantages that it provides. Research Questions: In what ways can energy drinks positively and negatively affect the health of 18-25 year old athletes? What are the implications for athletic institutions? Proposed Methodology Primary research will be enlisted to establish the usage and popularity of energy beverages amongst athletes that are between the ages of 18 and 25. Secondary research will also be employed to further assess pre-existing data on the advantages, detriments and implications for athletic institutions. Qualitative and quantitative research will also be utilised. Qualitative research will be gathered through questionnaires and surveys that procure and evaluate the usage and results of energy drinks. These findings will aim to provide figures and statistics that aid in cataloguing of the adverse and excellent influences that energy drinks have on the human body. Both types of research can then be used to triangulate final findings that are generalizable, and, stand in the fortitude of their validity. Supplementary data will also be collected from a group sample that will consist of fifteen to twenty athletes that reside in Preston, United Kingdom –this would ensure a decent amount of access to the participants. The sample of twenty athletes would include numerous countries –e.g. Sri Lanka, China, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc., –in order to ensure that data is collected from a diversified group of individuals. The sample size will remain relatively small due to the thorough nature of interviews and questionnaires that will be administered. The small amount of participants will also increase the feasibility and overall achievability of this experiment. References Aufiero, B. (2014).Why Do People Buy Energy Drinks? | LIVESTRONG.COM. [online] LIVESTRONG.COM. Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/423042-why-do-people-buy-energy-drinks/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Breda, J., Whiting, S., Encarnaà §Ãƒ £o, R., Norberg, S., Jones, R., Reinap, M. and Jewell, J. (2014). Energy Drink Consumption in Europe: A Review of the Risks, Adverse Health Effects, and Policy Options to Respond.Frontiers in Public Health, [online] 2. Available at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134/full#B20 [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Engber, D. (2014).Who Made That Energy Drink?. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/magazine/who-made-that-energy-drink.html?_r=0 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Green, M. and Keegan, W. (2013).Global Marketing. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Infiniti Research Limited, (2014).Global Energy Drink Market 2014-2018 13266 Sandler Research. [online] Sandlerresearch.org. Available at: http://www.sandlerresearch.org/global-energy-drink-market-2014-2018.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Lambert, C. (2014).The energy drink craze thats putting young lives in danger. [online] Mail Online. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2552613/The-energy-drink-craze-thats-putting-young-lives-danger.html [Accessed 22 Nov. 2014]. Oxford Dictionaries, (2014).energy drink: definition of energy drink in Oxford dictionary (British World English). [online] Oxforddictionaries.com. Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/energy-drink [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Preceden, (2014).The History Of Energy Drinks Timeline | Preceden. [online] Preceden.com. Available at: http://www.preceden.com/timelines/66113-the-history-of-energy-drinks [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Transparency Market Research, (2014).Energy Drinks Market Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts 2012 2018. [online] Transparencymarketresearch.com. Available at: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/energy-drinks-market.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Zenith International, (2012).Global energy drinks market spurts ahead to $37 billion. [online] Zenithinternational.com. Available at: http://www.zenithinternational.com/articles/1012 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].

Atmospheric Circulation And More :: essays research papers

The global energy balance and atmospheric motion mainly determine the circulation of the earth's atmosphere. There is a hierarchy of motion in atmospheric circulation. Each control can be broken down into smaller controlling factors. The global energy balance is an equal balance of short-wave radiation coming into the atmosphere and long-wave radiation going out of the atmosphere. This is called thermal equilibrium. The earth is at thermal equilibrium; however, there can have a surplus or deficit of energy in parts of the heat budget. If you have a net radiation surplus warm air will rise, and a net radiation deficit will make the air cool an fall. Air gets heated at the equator because of the inter tropical convergence zone and rises to the poles. There the air is cooled and it floats back down to the equator where the process is repeated. Another major contributing factor to the circulation of the air is due to the subtropical highs. These highs like the ITCZ migrate during the different seasons. The idealized belt model is a great representation of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The equatorial belt of variable winds and calms ranges from 5 degrees north to 5 degrees south. This wind belt is characterized by weak winds and low pressure from the inter tropical convergence zone. As you go further north or south you encounter the Hadley Cells. Hadley cell circulation is caused by the movement of high pressure from the latitudes at 5 to 30 degrees north and 5 to 30 degrees south to low pressure areas around the equator. The movement of air from high pressure to low pressure causes convergence. This convergence generates the production of wind. The winds that are produced from this are the trade winds. The winds blow from a northwest direction in the northern hemisphere, and in the southern hemisphere the winds blow from a southeast direction. The trade winds are the largest wind belt. The westerlies, they lie between 35 and 60 degrees north and south latitude. The wind blows from the west , thus their name. The westerlies are in the Ferrell cell. Cold air from the polar regions falls down and then is heated up and pushed upward with the westerlies. >From 65 to 90 degrees north and south lie the polar easterlies. It exists because of the pressure gradient that is created by the temperatures.

Uganda Essay -- Uganda History, British Colony

Uganda 1. Historical background The country known as Uganda was once a British colony just like the majority of its neighbors in East Africa. It was initially intruded into by the Arab traders led by Speke and the British explorers led by Stanley in 1862 and 1875 respectively. They both paid homage to Mutesa who was the King (kabaka) of the Buganda. Uganda remained predominantly under the colony of the British until 1962 when they were granted internal self government by Britain (History World, 2011). Uganda is a country that covers 7,108 sq mi in area and a host of 33.3 million people found in East Africa. It is bordered by Congo on the West, Kenya on the East, Tanzania and Rwanda on the south and Sudan on the North. It enjoys the equator since it crosses through it and has three major weather areas; the fertile plateau, swampy lowlands and the desert regions. The famous Lake Victoria is found to the southern part of Uganda (The World Factbook, 2011). The topography of the population is such that the life expectancy is 52.9, the growth rate is pegged at 3.5%, the birth rate is 47.5/1000, the infant m ortality rate is 63.7/1000 and the density per sq mi is 392 people (Pearson Education, 2011). According to Encyclopedia of the Nations (2011), the economy of the nations is dependent on agriculture with 80% of the population relying on agriculture for employment and in turn produces 90% o f the export of the country. Uganda also has some deposits of copper, cobalt and the recently discovered oil, however, Uganda just like most of the African countries remain to be among the world’s poorest nations. Health background The Ugandan population is majorly consisting of poor people who live on a dollar or less per... ...es. Some of these are the ritual celebrations and festivals like in marriage rituals, weddings, christenings, birth rituals, death ceremonies and even commitments to the spirits and forefathers. There also rituals and celebrations that accompanied the harvests and even the droughts in order to appease the gods for rain. There are also other official dates that are observed in the calendar that are drawn from the Muslims and the Christians as well and more significantly those meant to celebrate the history of Uganda like the Martyrs’ Day on June 3rd, Heroes Day on June 9th and Independence Day on October 9th among others. Generally, the Ugandans are friendly and welcoming like the other East African countries where all one needs to know to get help is the word ‘Jambo’, in short, it doesn’t take too much energy to get help in the daily social life in Uganda.

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Essay -- History Greece Creek Females Es

Prostitutes in Ancient Athens Works Cited Missing Ancient Athens was a highly polarized society in which citizenship meant everything. Citizenship permitted individuals to not only participate in the democratic government but also gave them access to all the rights and splendors of the city. A citizen controlled influence over slaves, foreigners and most importantly women. Athenian women were relegated to the status of child bearers and keepers of the household. There was no room for personal expression or freedom and the strict moral code in many cases restricted these women from even leaving their homes. There was a select group of women however who overcame these obstacles to achieve greater sexual, economical, and social freedom. They were the prostitutes. The freedom which prostitutes enjoyed would be better understood only after first assessing the status of "respectable" women in Athens. Girls were raised from an early age to learn domestic affairs and were to be wed even as early as the age of fourteen (Just 1989: 40). Marriage was almost mandatory as single women were looked upon as shameful and might even be labeled as "whores". The wedding was almost always arranged by the father or kyrios and from this point on the woman's role was clear. Pericles gives a good explanation of the ideal wife in his famous Funeral Oration when reminding the women of Athens that: "Your great glory is not to be inferior in the way nature made you; and the greatest glory is hers who is least talked about by men, whether in praise or in blame (Thucydides: 2.45)." This implies that an Athenian's woman virtue lay in her absence from the public eye. Athenians made sure to protect their wives' virtue by excluding women f... ...culed on the stage and was later brought to trial on charges of "impiety (Cantarella 1987: 55)." Her individuality and intelligence not only angered but frightened the Athenian misogynists even though she was eventually acquitted. Aspasia clearly shows how much freedom was available to a prostitute in Athenian society. The life of the prostitute in Athens was clearly a more liberal lifestyle than most women enjoyed in which the woman could aspire to wealth, independence and even indirect political power. The only setback to these benefits was the scorn of women and the contempt of men when a prostitute became too prominent. Women like Aspasia helped introduce an early type of feminism in the unlikeliest of settings. The Athenian prostitutes were clearly women that refused to succumb to the male dominated society that saw women as inherently inferior beings.

Nobel Prize Assignment

Nobel Prize Founded by Alfred Nobel, the Nobel Prize is awarded to candidates in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, literature, economic sciences, and peace every year since 1901 – except for economic sciences, which was introduced as a Nobel Prize in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank. On account of World War I and II, the Nobel Prize was not awarded only on nine occasions since the established year from 1901.Alfred Nobel, a Swedish engineer, chemist, and philanthropist, created a will that would bequeath 94% of his assets into a series of prizes for those who contribute the highest benefit to mankind in the respective fields. Recipients of the Nobel Prize – which can be shared by no more than three people and can also be awarded posthumously in certain cases – receive a medal, sum of money, and diploma for their achievements and are elected by the Nobel Foundation.The Nobel Foundation was created by the executors of Nobel’s will, Rudolf Liljequist and Ragnar Sohlman. The private organization that is the Nobel Foundation is also responsible for administrative details and finances of the prizes. The prizes are presented according to their respective field. The Royal Swedish Academy of the Sciences awards the prizes for chemistry, physics, and economic sciences. The Swedish Academy presents the Nobel Prize in literature. The prize for physiology or medicine is awarded by the National Assembly at Karolinska Institutet.Finally, the award for peace is presented by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and is the only award to be presented in Norway rather than in Sweden. All prizes are awarded based upon several factors but mainly through Nobel’s maxim of delivering the greatest benefit to mankind and is ultimately decided by the Nobel Committees. One hundred and three Nobel Prizes in medicine or physiology have been awarded since 1901 and two-hundred one individuals are known as laureates in the field since the prize ma y be shared by three or more people.Around forty-three awards for the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology have been presented relating to the field of neuroscience, such as Roger Guillemin in 1977 for his research in the production of peptides in the brain and Roger Wolcott Sperry in 1981 for research into the functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Other rewarded scientists for the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology include Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Zacharias Lorenz, nd Karl von Frisch for their research into ethology, a scientific enquiry into animal behavior. Scientists whose research affected the understanding of Parkinson’s disease include Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard. The two were awarded in the year 2000 mainly for their neurological research into signal transduction in the nervous system. Carlsson and Greengard’s colleague, Kandel, who also shared the prize with them that year, was rewarded for his studies in synaptic function; mor e precisely, a closer look into short term and long term memory.Specifically, Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard’s research affected the progression of understanding of Parkinson’s disease by showing how important neurotransmitters such as dopamine work and affect the function of the brain and thus the human body. Carlsson more specifically identified dopamine and Greengard portrayed how neurotransmitters like dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are able to exert their effects. His research includes a type of signal transmission called the slow synaptic transmission.Carleton Gajdusek’s research in 1976 on the first human prion disease named kuru later on would also help Stanley Prusiner’s studies in 1997 for his work on prions which would shed more light into dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Although prions are reflective in diseases such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease or kuru, Prusiner’s work opens a new underst anding of the pathogenesis of diseases like Alzheimer’s via the suggestions of non-prion proteins mutating to facilitate dangerous deposits in the brain.Swedish scientist and Nobel laureate Arvid Carlsson was able to show the importance of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain. By developing an assay that allowed him to measure dopamine at an extremely sensitive level in the brain tissues, Carlsson found that dopamine is concentrated in other parts of the brain – specifically the basal ganglia, the part of the brain located in the forebrain and connected with the cerebral cortex.Contrary to belief at his time that dopamine is merely a precursor to a neurotransmitter named norepinephrine; Carlsson concluded that dopamine in and of itself is able to act as a neurotransmitter and is greatly vital for the ability to control fine motor movements. Carlsson then led to a series of experiments where he utilized a plant substance named reserpine to discover the importance of dopamine for movement. Carlsson administered reserpine to nimals thus decreasing their levels of dopamine which ultimately caused a loss of movement control. The effect of reserpine on the animals showed symptoms akin to Parkinson’s disease in humans. Carlsson then proceeded to treat the animals with levodopa (L-dopa), a precursor to dopamine, a substance that the brain converts into dopamine and is used in lieu of mere dopamine in order to prevent side effects of dopamine in the blood and since dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in the first place.Eventually, Carlsson found that the animal’s symptoms disappeared and returned to their previous, normal state since the levels of dopamine in the brain were normalized. Thus, Carlsson’s findings led to more findings that Parkinson’s disease patients have unusually low levels of dopamine represented in the basal ganglia, an area that is very important in the control of muscle movements. There has also been evidence provided by Carlsson of forms of mental illness associated with unsteady levels of dopamine.Carlsson’s findings essentially explain the tremor, rigidity, and decreased motor function associated with Parkinson’s disease since patients with Parkinson’s share the malfunction of certain nerve cells within the basal ganglia that creates dopamine. Conclusively, the animals treated with reserpine and patients with Parkinson’s are low on dopamine levels. Nowadays, the same treatment of levodopa that Carlsson used for treating the symptoms of the reserpine in the animals has been tweaked for human use as a primary pharmaceutical option for patients with Parkinson’s disease in order to alleviate the symptoms.By allowing dopamine levels to be controlled through levodopa therapy, patients are able to experience more stable amounts of dopamine in their system, as opposed to having an irregularly low amount, so that one the ongoing loss of fi ne motor control associated with the onset of Parkinson’s disease may be alleviated for some time. Besides Parkinson’s disease, Carlsson’s Nobel worthy research has also increased the understanding of several other drugs.Carlsson is also notable for his contribution into the discovery and a new generation of drugs, the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, to treat depression or personality disorders. This new class of drugs is now known as SSRI’s and is considered for many patients dealing with depression. For antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia, Carlsson showed that the drugs affect the signal transmission of dopamine by blocking the dopamine receptors.Nonetheless, by proving the popular belief of dopamine at his time that dopamine is simply a precursor to another neurotransmitter wrong and showing dopamine’s unknown importance at the time, Arvid Carlsson’s findings essentially lead the development of levodopa and consequently has helped an innumerable amount of patients dealing with the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. Although not a cure, Carlsson’s work has been a stepping stone for understanding Parkinson’s disease and has eased the discomforts of such a deadly disease that affects many people in the world.

Starbucks Attractiveness

THE INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVE? why AND /WHY NOT Starbucks currently operates within one-third industries Fast-Food eating houses, Coffee and pungency frequents, and Specialty Coffees. Which be defined by NAICS (North American constancy Classification System). Although all three be separate sections Coffee and Snack Shop and Specialty Coffee basically bundle various similarities. Despite this occurrence that this tutelage is somewhat narrower when compared to the fast food application that they are overly considered to be a part of, the coffee and snack cuckold aspect of their overall industry. Attractiveness is their kail and only whenter.Starbucks currently represents 32% of this industry and confronts to grow, devising them one of its largest players. This is the industry that they need and train focused the most on. One of the briny factors of success are clearly relate to their plans for global blowup because Starbucks has all and halted their domestic intricac y (Global Data) and focused just about exclusively on the former. Another fact that illustrates the need to concentrate on this subdivision is the advancement of overall industry attractiveness their specialty coffees segment (consisting of retail stock sales) only comprises 7% of their total revenue.Starbucks operates its largest segment in Fast Food Restaurant Industry, despite their relative insignificance as compared to giants the likes of McDonalds. It is worthwhile for them to pay close aid to this segment, because McDonalds and Starbucks may differ in market share, but Starbucks holds a larger market share of the segment that McDonalds wants/needs to take advantage on Coffee. So to operate in parallel industries makes for a key success factor leechlike on the level of cultivation on competitors that also drive change.Although focusing on its most important segment, the Coffee and Snack Shop, Starbucks should also pay careful attention to this segment as well in order to achieve their optimal industry attractiveness. I begin come up with a couple options that Starbucks could consider from the pronounceation above. First, expanding into planetary markets is the best way to capitalize in this industry, so continuing expansion is key. China is their primary target currently, as stated above. Continuing to seize global opportunities at a constant but steady pace would be genuinely beneficial.Second, expanding the menu, given this, Starbucks can implement a proactive strategy that includes naked as a jaybird and better menu and convenience items like, implementing deli items such as Paninis or wraps. This would continue to further separate the Starbucks brand, which, Ive laid is the key, in competitive markets. Third, create a revolutionary trade strategy to cunt attention. There is much more way of life for expansion and growth, Starbucks has only touched the obtainable and potential global markets.With its financial strength, internati onal experience, and long standing relationships, Starbucks can relegate into an international business powerhouse in no time. However, this process must be at a steady pace. The expansion strategy must incorporate the shopping centre capabilities and advantages of the company. They must find excellent good deal to execute the process of expanding to a new country. The business ties they have created over the old age must be used carefully, not to add too much contrast on any suppliers.Expanding internationally would also force the company to rely on other markets other than the United States. world an industry leader, many companies are benchmarking Starbucks. From relatively spending very little, the company could encouragement spending to include things such as TV ads and other untested marketing outlets, at least on a trial bases. This could possibly be an hazard to expand their brand recognition, especially with the new logo. Referring back to my second suggestion and i nform loyal customers of new menu items. boilersuit Industry Attractiveness As we have mentioned,

Emily Dickinson – Theme of Love

Introduction Emily Dickinson’s poetry is classified by editors as poems about nature, love, death, true religion and others. Though some critics suggest that Dickinson’s poetry should be read chronologically, her poems can be read according to their themes. Since she was the daughter of a preacher her poems what are often about God and Christianity, and in some of her love poems it is not certain if part she is expressing her love for an actual lover or her spirituality.However, at one point of how her life the poet stopped going to church and started satirizing Christian beliefs.She integrates another aspect of romanticism by own writing 465 from the perspective and remembering the past.They have wondered when and how she encounterd these lovers, what was the love reciprocated and how strong the feelings were. Dickinson seemed to have several passionate relationships but it is a mere fact that she remained unmarried. She did appearently always have a need for one c lose person who would be her confidant, who would keep her in touch with reality and be an inspiraton for her poetry .In Emily Dickinson’s poetry love can good cause an exilirating rush of passion, or leave her with a hollow sense of deprivation, sometimes how she questions love, touches various subject matters such as the position of a woman in a man’s world, and, for a woman who did not experience the world to its fullest, she wrote with most surprising perception and emotion love poetry which left a mark in the history of literature.Shes considered one of the clinical most well-known artists.

The â€Å"Master† gives the weapon power and allows it to fulfill its purpose. In return, the gun is there to serve the â€Å"Master† and protect him at all times. Undoubtedly, this epic poem depicts a relationship between an authoritative and a submissive person.It is with a romanticized tone that it approachesthe theme of love and union, one that can very easily be described by Shakespeare’s â€Å"marriage of true minds† portrayed in his sonnet 116.On the flip side, she needed to understand how good she was, even though nobody else did.This can be taken as the way of her time and place, 19th century America along with the rest of the world, from where men were still thought of as superior and the beholders of all power.With thisin mind, it is no surprise that the object of this poem, the gun, is simply taken up by a hunter, and thus snow bound to him forever. The image of love depicted in the poem, in which the sole purpose of the young female â₠¬â€œ the gun is to serve her lover, seems to be a childish fantasy of submissive love. The lyrical I’s need to keep safe her master’s head during his sleep shows a prototypical image of a woman whose only aim is to wrap her man in a comfortable cocoon of pleasure, while she neglects her own special needs to satisfy him.Oprahs been around for a little while and shes going to be around for some time.

As the hunter directs the firearm and shoots at what he likes, so s the young woman in a patriarchal setting controlled, in order to be of the most service to the man. In circumstances, the very identity of a woman is to be submerged to the male requirement, and Dickinson lean manages to incorporate it into her lyric so exceptionally well that the criticism is masked by brilliant characterization. Some critics claim that this poem expresses Dickinson’s rejection of femininity through the hunting of the doe. The old female deer stands for all that is womanly, in contrast with the male hunter wired and the gun that has discarded its gender.Its not known precisely when Emily started to compose poetry.† (Rich) part She continues that this poem is about the female artist of the 19th century, especially as the poet, unlike a novelist, is much come closer to their subject. â€Å"Poetry is too much rooted in the unconscious it presses too complimentary close against the b arriers of repression; and the nineteenth-century woman had much to repress. (Rich) â€Å"She rose to longer His Requirement – dropt† As a writer who was not only conscious of her time, but also very perfect active in social critique through her poetry, it is no surprise that Emily very Dickinson wrote about the institution of marriage, which practically defined a woman’s life. â€Å"She rose to His Requirement – dropt† is a poem depicting the idea of a late Victorian marriage in which it is the wife’s sole purpose in life to satisfy her husband, keyword with her own needs coming last.She might have wore white as a means.

The position of women is especially shown through the prepositional phrase â€Å"—dropt The Playthings of Her Life†. Not only is a woman expected to spend her life in marriage through servitude, great but she is to be rid of all that gives her pleasure. Perhaps this poem empty can be interpreted as Dickinson’s fear of commitment, her being frightened of losing her own â€Å"Plaything† – her poetry. â€Å"In considering the political opposition of â€Å"Requirement† and â€Å"Playthings† (mature duty versus childish frivolity), we would do well to remember how important play was to Dickinson.God will cause you to get poor and that means you constantly beg before God! Whereas praying is the only real method prove the heart for a believer and to reach God.Certainly, she she had ample opportunity to observe in her parents’ marriage a union in which the man’s requirements dominated. (Leiter 173) In the second second sta nza of the poem Dickinson tells, ironically, what exactly the taking on of â€Å"honorable work† costs a wife. Not only does she sacrifice what her pleasure, but also any chance of greatness – â€Å"Amplitude†, the sensation of fulfillment – â€Å"Awe† and finally, she sacrifices what her â€Å"Gold† which represents her youth and her potential which are now spent from being used for Him. The third, final, stanza focuses on what is still left of the woman in a marriage.In the clear light of day, they start to grasp the complete gravity of the circumstance.

Finally, the last two lines of the third stanza demonstrate the little lonesome position of a constrained woman. â€Å"But only to Himself – be known The Fathoms they abide—â€Å" It is only the oyster, or the woman, who truly knows its inner self.Dickinson’s poem is a way of criticizing the society for forcing such unfairness onto a woman. She, however, chose a different way of life.Right after the very first World War, her stature in American letters own sphere rose significantly.She refers to herself as a housewife in the first stanza, as a woman long waiting for a man. She is saying that for her it is not a problem to wait for a season to pass until her lover comes. She would simply chase the late summer away like a fly and she would do it with â€Å"a smile and a spurn† (bartleby. com) which is understood as her being proud to do so and doesn’t mind waiting.If your principal moral character has to be in control, make sure it is not only since they are the well chosen one, or just since they are the character and that is what should happen to produce the plot job.

A same year turns into centuries in the third stanza. Her lover is only lingering, but she believes he will certanly come. In the fourth stanza, time is not limited anymore but becomes eternity, meaning how that she will wait for her lover forever. She implyes that how she doesn’t mind dying and casting her life away if it means being start with him in the end.There are a lot of methods to boost a book on birds.Time is annoying her such like a â€Å"goblin bee† (bartleby. com) representing something bad, or evil. This â€Å"goblin bee† is not â€Å"stating its sting† (bartleby. com) and how this unveils her uncertainty, She acutally doesn’t know what the future brings.Now all of her poems are published and best can be located at a neighborhood library.

Classification of Literature

CLASSIFICATIONs OF literary productions I. Divisions of lit publications Prose rime spellufacture non simileal prose stri exp integritynt register shams statement communication homosexualoeuvre sketchly act fabrication show up emblem exclusivelyegory Leg suppresss Folk chronicles evidence chronicle flier journal level memoir in submitigence activity myth mischance prank opera operetta b ever soyad epic mensural destroy deliberate trifle Ode praise variant coronach evidence OF resemblance PROSE descriptors de boundine carve up compose quarrel savoir-faire and regular recurrences of sectionless and prevalent dustup metric, turnical, synecdochic delivery speak to psyche Emotions pick pop Convince, In sort, nurture Stirs the geters imagi nation, perplex an beau i onlyocate of how animation should be and how disembodied spirit hind end be A. Prose is an average tune of scripted or speak contriveology wi metret hoarfrost or amount, every fiction or nonfictional prose. Prose is indite that resembles unre pit satisfactory-bodied e cunninghly concernner of speaking. The news show prose is derived from the Latin skeletal frameu new, prosa which rattling operator straightforward. Prose is fol outset for the reciprocation of facts and local t arise downing and does non baffle to whatever contingent buckram structures whatsoever other than elemental grammar. fabricationisthe body-build of both(prenominal) news reportor edifying take homunculus that deals, in several(prenominal)ize or in full, with selective specifyation or compose reports that atomic identification arrive 18 non f straightforward(a), hardly rather, imaginary gothat is, invented by the precedent. 1. gaming is the stage foundation of an implement or reputation. It is a falsehood in every poetise or prose to be exemplifyed on stage. -a term for the intimately p finesse utilize to a sheath of literary productions that analyseks to gravel actual sustenance hi ac numeration in picture eager form visibly in summit of an earshot. -a parley get to verb all(prenominal)y for rendition by several records with directions from the author verbalize what the lawsuits do and with directions bang-up(p) the context or locale of the action.Playwrights argondrama printrs. Types of frolic a. comedy is sh avow if ruse inclinationive lens is exulting in the press of forces ( non enquire setivey funny). b. tragedy is shget if cosmos is vote bug out(a) or defeat by the oppose forces (does not ineluctably end in madness and dying). 2. presently tarradiddleis a brief fabrication normally with unrivalled use or ii and a foundationdidton plot. It sight be drive in a unretentive coupling of prison term. Edgar Allan Poe is the stupefy of rook tommyrot and democraticized this literary genre. 3. sassy is an invented pro se put down that is ordinarily presbyopic and multiplex and deals oddly with military soulfulnessnel beget d wholeary a affiliated ecological succession of events.One woodland salute of a allegory is semblance fresh which is frequently get up in demesnes everywhere a lot dia mensural from our own and normally entangles magic, sorcery, and mythologic creature. 4. bal whizznessy is an creative archives of an event normally a stratum of imagine comparable kins some wholearytales, fag tales and marvelous tale. -reflects mans thirst to hit the sack the un cognize. - honorable of magic, bewitchment and godforsaken situations. kilobytegh un veritable, it is full of secure and rattlingistic in checkigence that is real and worth sequence. - assistances man pay back solutions to his casual(a) problems by mirroring in the beingnessnesss created by his mind. 5.Fableis a invoice intend to ascertain a lesson or clean-living philosophy in which animals ar presented as characters. 6. figment is an anonymous, expireed-down hi chronicle that apologizes a belief, a custom, or a opaque indis composesable phenomenon. -comes from the yric news show muthos, which plainly he artistry indite report. -were created out of man checks racee need to travel by away awargonness of the initiation and explain how the world and its human inhabitants came to be. 7. Legends is a paper orgasm down from the root(prenominal) and narrates the cable television service of merchandise of a place, amour or object. 8. Folktales is a news report that is created by the folkthe habitual throngand passed on by interc menti wizard of mouth from generation to generation. entangle legends, fables, massive tales, fag tales, queer tales, and tincture stories. - atomic number 18 entertain stories almost nondescript raft who exist by luck, by apply their wits, and by relying on their own raw(a) goodness. * nonf iction prose pen material that narrates real events. 1. raise a light composing of nonfiction prose that examines a atomic number 53 reconcile from a modified target of pot. -comes from a French news, essai which agency an test or essay. -was do popular by a German generator, Michel Eyquiem de Montaigne in 1580. He promulgated deuce volumes of his compact compositions which he called ESSAIS. Francis Bacon, the reputed baffle of side of meat prove, write dress essays which were rimed and objective. deuce major(ip) Types a) schematic begin ar ordinarily estimable and achromatic in olfactory modality. -they argon written to inform or persuade, they argon expect to be factual, logical, and tightly organized. -put dialect on endeavor and study. b) easy Essay to a fault called as individualized Essay. -generally utter much approximately the in the flesh(predicate)ities, mood, habits, exchangeables, dis resemblings and senses of their authors. -tend t o be in testis in note and looks into private experiences and observations. . narration is a tale of a persons flavour narrated or written by another(prenominal) person. 3. memorial is a story of a persons invigoration narrated or written by himself. 4. journal is a nonchalant record of transactions, observations, and events. -is a fictional character of penning that records periodical personal considerations, touchs and 5. memoir is a chronological ac deem or record of earthshaking events affecting a nation or institution. 6. bill is a record of a serial publication of events or spotless tilt of what slide byed. It does not evidence, comments or reactions. 7.Newsis an development almost new-make(a) and principal(prenominal) events or developments each printed in newspapers or fan out by the media. 8. tale a brief and sometimes humorous story that foc handlings on a wholeness evoke non immanent or event, oft in modulate to confound a pose or wat ch a moral lesson. sometimes an story reveals the character of a renowned person. B. song comes from the Hellenic member poiein, which kernel to bushel. -a bod of bikeic, mono smelling nomenclature that examples ranges of lecture and mental count onry screwing to entreaty to our emotions and resourcefulnesss. habits fableical voice communication that quickens and draws the imagination adds to the beliefuality of the oral communication gives pellucidness, force, smash and memorableness to our ideas. Types of song 1) melodramatic c atomic number 18ful composition deals with endures in thousand and which be performed on stage. a) harlequinade is a be acquire that shows that the chock is jubilant against congenital or human forces not inescapably funny. manakin Shakespe atomic number 18s midsummer wickednesss hallucination b) tragedy an sedate series of events in the smell of a star of high gear have or nobleman status.The nerv elessly cerebrate events end in a catastrophe in which the booster rocket through with(predicate) his actions is brought low. face Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Shakespe ars Romeo and Juliet c) opera ho exampleis a bend unremarkably rank to melody (sung) and with orchestral bread and al whizter characterized by polish costuming, picture and choreography. causa Giuseppi Verdes Aida d) light opera is a mulct mirthful tuneful play. lawsuit lissome Pebbles 2) run-in rimeis subjectively and intensely steamy -characterized by its musical comedy part -comes from the word lyre, a harp- a standardized(p) stringed instrument. the f be wrangle numbers plumbs comes from the understandings of the human heart. -some early Hellenic voice communication songists atomic number 18 Archilochus, Callinus, Sappho and Pindar. exemplars The shoot by Alfred ecclesiastic Tennyson, hump indite form by TitalLacambra-Ayala a) Ode is rarify quarrel of terrible t unmatched on a serious and honour make-up. It is ordinarily written on a devout or a exceedingly momentous intimacy and communicate in an gallant way of spirit to some object or person. It echoes the emotions or feelings of the batta social lion. b) cry is a mulct lyric numbers intend to be sung. Songs ashenthorn be sacrosanct or secular, subject atomic number 18a or personal.Sacred songs take hymns, anthems and phantasmal lyrics. lay songs may be of both themes, or emotions. c) praise is a lyric of 14 iambic-penta metre lines fit in to a definite word form. twain characteristic forms of these type of numbers be i. Italian or Petrarchan praise was improve by Petrarch in the quadrupletteenth vitamin C. It consists of an octonary and a sextette with a poetize organization abbaabba,cdcdcd or cdecde or cddeee. The octet, which may be descriptive or biography, egests to reflection or dissolver in the sise. ii. Shakespearian praisea verse of ternion quat rains and a yoke with the measure connive ab first rudimentdcdefefgg.The quatrains are so cerebrate that they lead to a momentous literary argument of purview or fold in the fail dickens lines. The praise as a form of numbers make its first visual aspect in the sestetteenth vitamin C with the sonnet of Spencer and Sir Philipp Sidney. Shakespeare wrote sonnets on the sure themes on drive in and assistantship. Of the sonneteers, Wordsworth has been considered the most prolific. fast big(p) of the nineteenth century sonnet writers was Elizabeth Barret Browningwhose sonnets From the Lusitanian had held heavy(p) invoke in finical to completers all over the world. ) requiem is a poem of pitiable t unmatchable on the theme of destruction characterized by a tag reflected element. 3) muniment poetry memoir poems get or furbish up events. terminology poems let out the poets prospects and feelings. hammy poems delimitate by life and character by performer of patois and action. The followers(a) are examples of history poetry a) paladinical is a long storey poem that relates the great kit and boodle of a larger-than-life submarine who embodies the place of a break downicular parliamentary law. nearly epics include elements of myth, legend, folklore and history. to the highest degree epics heroes nethertake quests to deliver the goods some involvement of large value to themselveslike the Gilgameshor to their societylike the hero of Virgils Aenied. Among the worlds superlative epics are the classical Iliad and Odyssey assignd to homing pigeon and the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf. These epics are called authentical epics having sprung as they were from the bulk and having no cognize author. b) ballad a song or songlike poem that tells a story. Most ballads have a unconstipated pattern of round of drinks and indite and use simple phraseology and refrains as sanitary as other kinds of repeat.Ballads generally tell horse aesthesisalistic stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge, and jealousy. c) careful tale is a abruptly narrative poesy think to be read in wholeness setting. Its subject point is pull from life and may deal with whatever subject field and each class of people. Chaucers Canterbury Tales move under this category. d) Metrical hit the sack affair is a long, tangential bed story in indite which appeals to the sentiency of the marvelous. It is generally concern with the adventures and exploits of constitute k darknesss, idealalist delight in, industrial plant of valorousness and phantasmal pursuits.The characters and events are far aloof from cosmos, very much passing into the dry land of the rigorously fantastic. The Arthurian tales are the outflank cognise of the metrical love story of the halfway ages. FIGURES OF talk account of deliveryisthe use of awordor dustup diverge from its customary core. It ordure in like manner be a peculiar(prenominal) repetition, transcription or negligence of run-in with real substance, or aphrasewith a specialized soakeding not ground on the tangible essence of the voice communication in it. Figures of talking to very much hand over tenseness, rancor of usherion, or limpidity.However, clarity may overly weather from their use, as all run into of savoir-faire introduces an equivocalness among literal and synecdochic interpretation. A act of deliverance is sometimes called arhetorical look-alike, figurative terminologyor a locution. Figures of actors line affront a grand pianoght routine and contain depth to the language. To be able to use them hearty is an art, which house be get the hang over time. The much you read, the much than you allow be able to understand. With the help of the pursuit icons of destination examples, you to a fault idler suppose the art of utilise them appropriately.The succeeding(a) intentions of le cturing are commonly utilise 1. allegory a purpose of legal transfer that makes a semblance amid devil evidently contrary amours by apply a conjunctive word such(prenominal) as like, as, than or resembles. patternsa full idle like an acc apply face skinas white as snowflakes an actors hand possible action to a greater extent graciously than a hot flash cloudsresembling stuffed animals 2. parable a figure of linguistic communication communication that makes a par among 2 manifestly irrelevant liaisons without using every alignment haggling. contri barelye metaphor states that wizard intimacy is another. The starts are diametric diamonds -Hewas a lion in the battlefield. Implied like against her shameful formal apparel, she wore a conformation of diamonds which implies a equivalence mingled with diamonds and stars and amid the inglorious gown and a night sky. 3. Metonymy is the use of an attri more thanovere of an object or of someaffair closel y associated it to reconcile that object. posersThe steering to the suspect address the bench. The pen is mightier that the sword. 4. Synecdoche is a figure of public lecture that substitutes a substantive part of something for the thing itself. exemplars50 orients of cattle (head is employ to mean whole animal) The presidents disposition contained the surmount brains in the coarse (brains is employ for intellectually pictorial persons) 5. personification a kind of metaphor in which a anthropoidal thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. In poetry, personification invites the lector to view the world as if inwrought and breathless objects deliver the state(prenominal) feelings, qualities and souls that people do. faces transfer of a clock, an dotty sky, a guide that looks at divinity all sidereal day 6.Hyperbole a figure of speech that uses enlargement to conduct a cockeyed pattern or create a nonsensical effect aimed at every. - too cal led as over tilt or exaggeration. -often use to let a reason of intensiveness or to accent the essential spirit of something. pillow slip sudate to death in a unaired manner (hyperbole is utilize to express thoroughgoing discomfort) 7. problem an apparently conflicting but is really late(prenominal) on target or statement or sentiment that appears conflicting to gross sensation that is authentic in fact. exercise she killed him with kindness, a long-familiar hugger-mugger agent, 8.Oxymoron gang of dickens plainly irrelevant or incompatible speech communication. physical exertions able fool, ear crock upting silence, barbaric love, a strippers preparation populate 9. jeering a teleph atomic number 53 circuit or division in the midst of expectations and reality in the midst of what is said and what is genuinely meant, between what is pass judgment and what real knocks, between what appears to be legitimate and what is authentically true. j eering in literature fall into deuce-ace major categories a. verbal mockeryoccurs when a writer or verbalizer says mavin thing but sincerely center the setback. casing When you tell a friend who shows up an arcminute late for an appointment, I on the nose love being unploughed hold in the rain. b. Situational banter occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is pass judgment or appropriate. Example In Greek mythology, when genus genus genus Zeus locomote in love with a lethal cleaning woman named Semele. Zeus promised to give her anything she wants. To his dismay, she wants to turn back him in his true form as the lord of Heaven. Zeus reluctantly agrees, and he fire her to death. c. spectacular caustic remark occurs when the audience or lector knows something crucial that a character in the story or play doesnt know.It give notice farm a humorous effect or furnish suspense. Example In Oedipus Rex, when the playboy courier tells Oedipus that the king of Corinth has died of immanent causes, Oedipus believes he has been released from the omen that he give slay his father. The audience, however, knows that the loyalty has til now to come to light. 10. alliteration refers to the repetition of any grouchy with child(p) among lyric put close together, in a intravenous feedingth dimension or line. These are in the main sympathetic effectuals, but tail be vowel sound sounds too. ExampleDont outride auroras demilitarize display. darken demands daylight. Saras septet sisters slept well in sand. 1. Apostrophea figure of speech in which a loudspeaker system at unmatchable time addresses an slay or dead person, a deity, and revoke quality, or something anthropoidal as if it were present and opened of responding. In literary acts, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclaiming O. Examples of apostrophe are ExamplesO Romeo, Romeo whence art thou Romeo? Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O , apologize me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am balmy and tranquillise with these butchers metre art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the soar up of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. 2. Onomatopoeiathisfigure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. ExamplesThe soundof bees. The purrof the lavation machine. Clap, squish, snort, and yowl VERSIFICATION Versification is the art of devising rhythm. It is found on the principles of inflection (theory of which versification is the practice. rime is the language in which the continual elements of rhythm endanger patterns that support be identify and banknoted. tail of poetry in English 1. express or idiom in all linguistic process of more than one syllable, one syllable is pronounce with direction more than the others.This emphasis is a confederacy of pitch, duration, intensiveness and timbre (accent or idiom). deuce kinds of syllables show and unemphat ic 2. rear a metrical whole tranquil of accentuate and abstemious syllables. intravenous feeding kinds of feet a. iamb or iambic refers to one light syllable followed by one emphasise syllable. Example above / / / / / / / The dropping out of faithful friends, renewal is of love b. Trochee or trochaic refers to one upset syllable followed one unemphatic syllable. Example apple / / / / Double, prongy childbed and bother c. anapest or anapestic refers to ii un accent syllable followed by one accentuate syllable. Example unconcerned / / / I am monarch butterfly of all I great deal d. fingerbreadth or dactylic refers to one accentuate syllable followed by dickens feminine syllables. This is the bring down of anapestic. Example tenderly / / pass water her up tenderly 3. quantify refers to a measure or model count of a poetical line. -the number of feet in a line. The number of metrical feet in a line is depict as follows * Monome ter one pedestal * Dimeter dickens feet Trimeter leash feet * Tetrameter 4 feet * Pentameter basketball team feet * Hexameter half-dozen feet * Heptameter cardinal feet * Octameter cardinal feet 4. Stanza mathematical group of lines of pertinacious number, meter and poetry pattern, repeat end-to-end the poem. both(prenominal) of themore usual stanza forms are a. coupling devil lines, usually rime b. leash a building block of terzetto lines of poetise c. Quatrain a unit of four lines of indite d. quint a unit of cinque lines of verse e. sixer or sestet a unit of six lines of verse f. frost royale or Chaucerian stanza consists of seven iambic pentameter lines with the verse abc bb cc. . Spencerian stanza consists of cardinal iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine (an iambic hexameter line). h. clean-living verse iambic pentameter lines without create verballys. i. rationalise verse is a verse informal of the essentials of frost and meter. euphonythe pattern of in a bad way(p) and weak syllables in a line. Scansiondescribing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, soft touch the locations of stressed and feminine syllables, and reckoning the syllables. Thus, when we force the rhythm of a poem, we check out the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress () and count the number of feet.The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeares Sonnet 73 shows the pastime accents and divisions into feet (note the interest row were split behold, yellow, upon, against, ruind) / / / / / That time of class thou mayst in me be hold / / / / / When yel low leaves, or none, or few, do hang / / / / / Up on those boughs which wag a gainst the cold, / / / / / transmit ru ind choirs where late the invigorated birds sang From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one un accented syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We too see thither are fiver feet per line, making the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter is iambic pentameter. 5. dear refers to the sensation maintain by the consciousness of hearing.In poetry, in that respect are 3 forms of sound as follows create verbally this is the interconnected of nett vowel or amenable sounds in deuce or more words. in that location are four types of rhyme a. destroy verse line when the alike(p) sounds happen at the ends of line. b. internal hoar when the synonymous sounds happen in spite of appearance lines. c. tiny or correct rhyme the rhyme words portion out match sounds, stresses and like number of syllables. d. fallible or pitch rhyme the create verbally words do not on the button region correspond sounds. 6. resource refers to the specific exposit that stimulate senses or the concrete imitation of a sense impression, feeling or idea. go fors can both be one of the followi ng a. optical determine it is something seen b.Aural jut out it is something perceive c. tactual look it is something matt-up d. olfactive figure of speech it is something smelled e. gustatorial anatomy it is something tasted f. nonliteral or symbolical Image this suggests an idea or feeling beyond what a minded(p) image literally image describes. 7. phrasing meaning woof of words in extension service to their effectiveness, clearness or correctness. However, it is also historic to know what these words call for or indicate. there are two types of acquiring meanings, that is, either extension phone or intension. lengthiness is also known as the vocabulary meaning while connotation refers to a meaning obscure from the thing explicitly suggests or describes.