Chronology of American History From 1726 to 1750

1726 Log College at Neshaminy in Bucks County is founded. It will be important in training evangelists who will become involved in the Great Awakening movement that will occur in the 1730s and 1740s.Riots occur in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania colony governor will forcefully put down the riots. 1727 Anglo-Spanish War breaks out. It lasts a little more than one year, with skirmishes mainly in the Carolinas.George II becomes King of England.History of the Five Indian Nations by Dr. Cadwallader Colden is published. It details information about the Iroquois tribes.Benjamin Franklin creates the Junto Club, a group of mostly artisans who are socially progressive. 1728 The first American synagogue is built on Mill Street in New York City.Horses and carriages are banned in Boston Common. It will eventually be called the oldest park in the United States. 1729 North Carolina becomes a royal colony.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette.The Old South Meeting House is built in Boston. It will become a key meeting place for revolutionaries and was where the Boston Tea Party meetings occurred. 1730 North Carolina and South Carolina are confirmed as royal provinces by the British parliament.The city of Baltimore in the Maryland colony is established. It is named after Lord Baltimore.The Philosophical Society is founded in Newport, Rhode Island which has become a vacation destination due to its spa. 1731 The first public library in American colonies is founded in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and his Junto Club. It is called the Library Company of Philadelphia.The American colonial legislatures are not allowed to place monetary duties on imported slaves according to royal decree. 1732 Georgia becomes a colony out of land from the South Carolina territory when the Charter of 1732 is issued to James Oglethorpe and others.Construction begins on the Pennsylvania State House, better known as Independence Hall, in Philadelphia.George Washington is born on February 22nd in the Virginia colony.The first Catholic church in the American colonies is founded. It will be the only Catholic church erected before the American Revolution.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richards Almanac, which will become a huge success.The Hat Act is passed by parliament, banning hats to be imported from one American colony to another, in an attempt to help London hatmakers. 1733 James Oglethorpe arrives in Georgia with 130 new colonists. He soon founds Savannah.The Molasses Act is passed by parliament setting heavy import duties on molasses, rum, and sugar from Caribbean islands other than those controlled by the British.The New York Weekly Journal begins publication with John Peter Zenger as its editor. 1734 John Peter Zenger is arrested for seditious libel against New York Governor William Cosby.Jonathan Edwards preaches a series of sermons in Northampton, Massachusetts that begins the Great Awakening. 1735 The trial of John Peter Zenger takes place after the newspaper editor spent ten months imprisoned. Andrew Hamilton defends Zenger, who is acquitted, for the statements he published were true, and thus could not be libelous.The first American fire insurance company is founded in Charleston. It will be bankrupt within five years, when half of Charleston is devastated by a fire. 1736 John and Charles Wesley arrive in the Georgia colony at the invitation of James Oglethorpe. They bring the ideas of Methodism to the American colonies. 1737 The first citywide celebration of St. Patricks Day is held in Boston.The Walking Purchase of 1737 occurs in Pennsylvania. William Penns son Thomas employs swift walkers to pace the boundaries of land given by the Delaware Indians. According to their treaty, they are to receive the land a man can walk in a day and a half. The Indians feel that the use of professional walkers is cheating and refuse to leave the land. The colonists enlist the help of the Iroquois Indians in their removal.A border dispute between Massachusetts and New Hampshire begins that will last for over 150 years. 1738 English Methodist evangelist George Whitefield, a key figure in the Great Awakening, arrives in Savannah, Georgia.The New Jersey colony gets its own governor for the first time. Lewis Morris is appointed to the position.John Winthrop, one of the most important scientists in the American colonies, is appointed to the chair of mathematics at Harvard University. 1739 Three uprisings of African-Americans occur in South Carolina resulting in numerous deaths.The War of Jenkins Ear begins between England and Spain. It will last until 1742 and will become part of the larger War of Austrian Succession.The Rocky Mountains are first sighted by French explorers Pierre and Paul Mallet. 1740 The War of Austrian Succession begins in Europe. The colonists will officially join the fight in 1743.James Oglethorpe of the Georgia colony leads troops along with Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians to capture two forts from the Spanish in Florida. However, they will later fail to take St. Augustine.Fifty slaves are hanged in Charleston, South Carolina when their planned revolt is discovered.Famine in Ireland sends many settlers to the Shenandoah Valley area, along with other southern colonies in America. 1741 New Hampshire colony gets its own governor for the first time. The English crown appoints Benning Wentworth to the position. 1742 Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin Stove, a better and safer way to heat homes.Nathanael Greene, American Revolutionary War General, is born. 1743 The American Philosophical Society is founded in Philadelphia by the Junto Club and Benjamin Franklin. 1744 The American phase of the War of Austrian Succession, called King Georges War, begins.The Six Nations of the Iroquois League grant the English colonies their lands in the northern Ohio territory. They will have to fight the French for this land. 1745 The French fortress of Louisbourg is captured by a combined New England force and fleet during King Georges War.During King Georges War, the French burn the English settlement of Saratoga in the New York colony. 1746 The boundary between Massachusetts colony and Rhode Island colony is officially set by parliament. 1747 The New York Bar Association, the first legal society in the American colonies, is founded. 1748 King Georges War concludes with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. All colonies are restored to their original owners from before the war including Louisbourg. 1749 The Ohio Company is at first granted 200,000 acres of land between the Ohio and Great Kanawha Rivers and the Allegheny Mountains. An additional 500,000 acres is added later in the year.Slavery is allowed in the Georgia Colony. It had been prohibited since the colonys founding in 1732. 1750 The Iron Act is passed by parliament, putting a halt to the growth of the iron-finishing business in the colonies, to help protect the English iron industry. Resource and Further Reading: Schlesinger, Arthur M., editor. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Noble, 2004.

Social Criticism In A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens

Who is the man behind the world renowned classic, A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens, born on February 7, 1812, spent the first nine years of his life living in southeast England with his father John, who was kind and likable man, although financially irresponsible. After moving to London, the twelve-year-old Dickens had his father arrested and set to debtors’ prison where his mother moved seven of their children, but arranged for Charles to live alone outside the prison. Charles spent three traumatic years away from his parents, working with other child laborers at at a bottle warehouse, which he considered himself too good for and stirred contempt among his worker-companions. After his fathers release from prison, Dickens returned to†¦show more content†¦Ebenezer Scrooge, a mean-spirited, greedy old man, is visited by his old friend, Jacob Marley. Marley warns Scrooge that if he doesn’t change his greedy ways, he will meet an unfortunate fate. Marley tells of three ghosts that will visit scrooge in the next three nights: the ghost of christmas past, the ghost of christmas present, and the ghost of christmas yet to come. The ghost of christmas past shows scrooge his old christmas memories in his apprenticeship with the merchant Fezziwig, and his engagement to Belle-a woman who eventually leaves Scrooge because of his lust for money- which leaves scrooge moved and in tears of regret. The ghost of christmas present takes scrooge through london to show the Cratchit family and Tiny tim, a crippled boy, preparing a small dinner for christmas. Then they see his nephew’s bright, happy party, while as the day passes the spirit gets older and eventually shows scrooge two starving children, ignorance and want, before vanishing. The ghost of christmas yet to come show scrooge through various scenes of people arguing over a dead mans riches, later revealing to scrooge that the dead man is him, which makes scrooge beg to change his fate. The s pirit sends Scrooge back to his bed, with a newfound mindset that causes him to become more generous and kind to those around him. A Christmas Carol, like many other classics, contains a lot of literary devices. One of the ones Dickens likes to use is symbolism.Show MoreRelatedEveryone Appreciates A Good, Rags, And Oliver Twist1728 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone appreciates a good ‘rags to riches’ story. Charles Dickens did as well, in fact it could be said that his own story was one of rags to riches. Dickens knew poverty, he also knew people, and how poverty can effect and change them. Over the course of his life he wrote some of the most famous and beloved stories, from â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† â€Å"Great Expectation†, and â€Å"Oliver Twist†, to â€Å"Nicholas Nickleby† and â€Å"Davis Copperfield.† Today Dickens is considered to be by many, one of the most well-knownRead MoreScrooge in A Christmas Carol2375 Words   |  10 PagesCall for Change: Dickens’ Attempt to Improve Society, and Walt Disney’s Subversion Thereof In a time in which the significance of Christmas gradually started to change, Charles Dickens, in accordance with these changes, wrote a Christmas tale: A Christmas Carol. The novella was published six days in advance of the Christmas celebrations of 1843; it was sold out three days later. 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Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Biography of Charles Dickens†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 3. Oliver Twist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAfrican American Literature And Literature Essay1957 Words   |  8 Pagesletters. The result is a literature rich in culture and social insight. These pieces offer illuminating assessments of American identities as well as its history. Since the time of early slavery African American literature has been overlooked within the literature criticism. 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Nature Deficit Disorder free essay sample

Transition statement: So now let me tell you where the term â€Å"Nature-Deficit Disorder† came from. II. Body A. Nature-Deficit Disorder is not a medical condition; it is a description of the human costs of alienation from nature. 1. Richard Louv, child advocate and author of â€Å"Last Child in the Woods† created this term to describe the disconnection between children and nature 1. The author says children are spending more time indoors, and when they do go outside, theyre most likely to be on their way to soccer practice or some other structured activity. 2. The result, he says, is that kids are out of touch with fields, streams and woods. 2. Our society (media, schools, etc.) are scaring children to stay indoors. 1. According to a study done by Sandra Hofferth at the University of Maryland, from ’97-’03, there was a decline of 50% of children 9-12 who spent time in outside activities. 2. According to Duke University Child and Well-Being Index, the rates of violent crimes against young people have fallen well below 1975 levels. 3. Technology has taken over our children and demands their attention 1. Television and gaming has become hard to compete with as far as entertainment 2. Studies conducted in association with the Kaiser Family Foundation, found that children ages 8-18 years old spent an average of 6.5 hours a day plugged in electronically! Transition statement: I have told you about the lack of nature in our children’s lives, now I’ll you the benefits of more exposure to nature. B. Could nature therapy be a new option for ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) treatment or even Autism? 1. Environmental psychologists reported in 2003 that that nature in or around the home, or simply a room with a view of a natural landscape, helped protect the psychological well-being of the children. 2. Adults and children alike, are just happier being exposed to the outdoors 3. The Human-Environment Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois, researchers have discovered that children as young as five showed a significant reduction in the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Disorder when they engaged with nature. 2. Television and junk food are linked to child obesity 1. The CDC found that the amount of TV that children watch directly correlates with measures of their body fat 2. Basically, more exercise†¦outside would help! 3. It makes me think about how nowadays you see children watching TV in the car on a road trip instead of observing the natural beauty right outside their window 3. Children need nature for a healthy development of their senses 1. As stated by Professor Robin Moore of N. Carolina State University, â€Å"Primary experience of nature is being replaced by the secondary, vicarious, often distorted, dual sensory (vision and sound only), one-way experience of television and other electronic media.† 2. Children live through their senses and this interaction with the outdoor world is essential for their healthy development 3. Autism is described as tunneled senses, and feeling of isolation and containment 4. Researchers have found that children with disabilities gain enhanced body image and positive behavior changes through direct interaction with nature. 5. Studies of outdoor education programs geared toward troubled youth — especially those diagnosed with mental-health proble ms — show a clear therapeutic value. Transition statement: Now that I have told you the benefits of outdoor play, I’ll now share with you some ways you can help encourage this with today’s  children. C. People who care about children and the future of the environment need to know about the research that’s been done in regards to this nature-deficit. 1. With a deeper understanding of the importance of nature play to healthy child development, and to their sense of connection to the world, we can create safe zones for nature exploration. a) We can preserve the open space in our cities, and even design and build new kinds of communities, using the principles of green urbanism. b) We can weave nature therapy into our health-care system, and nature experiences into our classrooms. 2. In education, we can build a No Child Left Inside movement. a) Today’s schools offer less and less recess, this needs to change! b) The Coalition â€Å"No Child Left Inside† was formed in 2007 to alert Congress and the public to the need for our schools to devote more resources and attention to environmental education. c) I encourage you to join this movement 3. As a parent and/or teacher, YOU can have the biggest impact on our children today a) Don’t just say â€Å"go outside play†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦yet go out with them show them what they’re missing, teach them! b) My students have three recesses’ a day†¦this is unheard of in most schools. c) Once children experience what nature has to offer they will most likely choose to go outside and â€Å"play† instead of â€Å"play† with electronics Transition statement: Now I will conclude†¦ III. Conclusion A. First I told you how Nature-Deficit Disorder came about, second, I told you the benefits of getting children outdoors, lastly, I told you what YOU can do to make a change. B. I highly encourage you to read the book, Last Child in the Woods, Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder, by national bestselling author, Richard Louv. C. So the next time you hear a child say â€Å"I’m bored† take them outside and climb a tree, build a tree house, go dig in the dirt; anything to get them away from the electrical world.

Why Are Asbestos Regulations Important Essays - Asbestos

Why Are Asbestos Regulations Important? Why are asbestos regulations important? EPA estimates that asbestos fibers contribute to 7,500 deaths per year in the United States. Most uses of asbestos have been banned since asbestos was found to cause lung cancer and other respiratory diseases in humans. However, it is estimated that 30 million tons of asbestos were used in thousands of building products since the late 1800s. Asbestos-containing building materials are commonly found in buildings constructed prior to the mid-1970s. The asbestos regulations currently in place are necessary to ensure that people are not exposed to airborne asbestos fibers when buildings are remodeled or demolished. What are the statutes and regulations and to whom do they apply? The regulations apply to remodeling or demolition projects which occur in public or commercial buildings. Private residences and apartment buildings with four or fewer dwellings are exempt from the regulations. Any project which is subject to these regulations requires a notification to the department within 10 working days prior to the start of the project. Respondent Fibreboard Corporation, an asbestos manufacturer, was locked in litigation for decades. Plaintiffs filed a stream of personal injury claims against it, swelling throughout the 1980's and 1990's to thousands of claims for compensatory damages each year. Fibreboard engaged in litigation with its insurers, respondent Continental Casualty Company and respondent Pacific Indemnity Company, over insurance coverage for the personal injury claims. In 1990, a California trial court ruled against Continental and Pacific, and the insurers appealed. At around the same time, Fibreboard approached a group of asbestos plaintiffs' lawyers, offering to discuss a ?global settlement? of Fibreboard's asbestos liability. Negotiations at one point led to the settlement of some 45,000 pending claims, and the parties eventually agreed upon $1.535 billion as the key term of a ?Global Settlement Agreement.? Of this sum, $1.525 billion would come from Continental and Pacific, which had joined the neg otiations, while Fibreboard would contribute $10 million, all but $500,000 of it from other insurance proceeds. At plaintiffs' counsels' insistence, Fibreboard and its insurers then reached a backup settlement of the coverage dispute in the ?Trilateral Settlement Agreement,? under which the insurers agreed to provide Fibreboard with $2 billion to defend against asbestos claimants and pay the winners, should the Global Settlement Agreement fail to win court approval. Subsequently, a group of named plaintiffs filed the present action in Federal District Court, seeking certification for settlement purposes of a mandatory class that comprised three groups?claimants who had not yet sued Fibreboard, those who had dismissed such claims and retained the right to sue in the future, and relatives of class members?but excluded claimants who had actions pending against Fibreboard or who had filed and, for negotiated value, dismissed such claims, and whose only retained right is to sue Fibreboar d upon development of an asbestos-related malignancy. The District Court allowed petitioners and other objectors to intervene, held a fairness hearing under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e), ruled that the threshold Rule 23(a) numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation requirements were met, and certified the class under Rule 23(b)(1)(B). In response to intervenors' objections that the absence of a ?limited fund? precluded Rule 23(b)(1)(B) certification, the District Court ruled that both the disputed insurance asset liquidated by the $1.535 billion global settlement, and, alternatively, the sum of the value of Fibreboard plus the value of its insurance coverage, as measured by the insurance funds' settlement value, were relevant ?limited funds.? The Fifth Circuit affirmed both as to class certification and adequacy of settlement. Agreeing with the District Court's application of Rule 23(a), the Court of Appeals found, inter alia, that there were no con flicts of interest sufficiently serious to undermine the adequacy of class counsel's representation. As to Rule 23(b)(1)(B), the court approved the class certification on a ?limited fund? rationale based on the threat to other class members' ability to receive full payment from Fibreboard's limited assets. This Court then decided Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, vacated the Fifth Circuit's judgment, and remanded for further consideration in light of that decision. The Fifth Circuit again affirmed the District Court's judgment on remand. Held: Social Issues