SCIE UNIT 5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SCIE UNIT 5 IP - Research Paper Example The OPA law was initiated as a remedy to oil spills and in particular following the disastrous Exxon Valdez spill at Alaska Prince William Sound. OPA law was passed to streamline the federal responses in cases of oil spill. Here, the law provides that the federal government direct the oil vessels and storage facilities to make proper plans for spill response and further plan for their rapid implementation. In addition, the OPA law was passed as a measure to amplify Polluters liability with regard to damage and cleanup costs to natural resources. This law also imposes measures like phasing out of single hauler tanker, designed to check tanker safety and mitigate spillage. Tanker vessels thought to exceed 3,000 gross tons have their liability increased to 1200 dollars per gross ton or 10 million dollars. Responsible parties with facilities situated onshore and the deep-water ports carry a liability amounting to about 350 million dollars per spill. This law also provides that holders of permits or leasers for offshore amenities, with the exception of deep-water ports shoulder a liability of up to 75 Million dollars per spill in addition to the removal costs. In all this cases, the federal government maintains the sole authority of making any necessary adjustment to the 350 million dollar liability limit established with regard to onshore facilities but only through regulations (US Environmental Protection Agency). The fine associated with failure to notify relevant federal discharge agency is increased from 10,000 dollars maximum to 250,000 dollars maximum for cases involving individuals and 500,000 dollars for organizations. This law also extends the prison term from a maximum of 1 year to a maximum of five years. Violations is treated under this law is addressed with fine not exceeding 250,000 dollars and a 15 year jail term. Regarding civil penalties, the law authorizes

Auto biography of a Tree Essay Example for Free

Auto biography of a Tree Essay I am a tree, tall and imposing, standing all alone near the campus of a temple. My life is ever so interesting as, I see a huge spectrum of society, funny gestures of people, and hear all kinds of conversation of the devotees who pass by me. I was not always so huge. As is true of all living beings I was also a long time back, a young sapling with this huge tree within me. At that time I looked fresh and beautiful as all other beings who are young, but, at that time I was of course not so imposing. This is what I have seen about life that, every stage has something good about it. I understand that, I am a peepal tree which just grows anywhere and everywhere. Ever since I was young, I remember several people coming to my root and worshipping me. They would light an earthenware lamp, and put it near my root, say their prayers and go away. This was a daily ritual which scores of people followed at my root ever since I can remember. As I started growing up bigger and bigger, the temple authorities put a two feet wall like boundary around my trunk. This was done to protect me from being destroyed by crowds who thronged to me. Since I am near a temple, I have always had the pleasure of a lot of company daily and, the great honour of being worshipped by scores of believers every day. Now, I am a full grown tree, and that two feet wall has been converted into a broad platform all around me, with my root out of sight, and the trunk also somewhat covered from vision. Here on the platform people sit and say their prayers and relax. At times they also consume their temple prasad while sitting on this platform. Oh, what a wonderful feeling it is to be so loved and cared for and, above all, being so honoured and respected. This honour is given to me as, I understand now that, a section of the Indian society considered me a holy tree to be worshipped. This is why there is so much hype about me and my kin. As I stand here, near a temple, I never ever feel lonely I get all sorts of company throughout the day, so, where is the scope of feeling lonely. Early in the morning the temple is opened at 6 a.m. It is cleaned and washed so, I get the company of people who clean the premises. They come to me also and broom the area around me, wash the platform and I am trim and neat to welcome my guests for the day. After the temple is cleaned there is a pooja, and from 7 a.m. devotees start pouring in, and the temple bells start ringing and breaking the silence of the night. Devotees continue pouring in the temple right from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m., when the temple closes. These long hours of the day, there is no chance of my getting bored as, I have the company of so many people moving around the area. Even though I am alone, a lonely tree but, my life is full of thrill and excitement, as I get lots of, and variety of company. This in turn is an added honour for me that, while my friends have the company of trees only, I have the company of human beings who talk and walk and discuss matters to make my life more lively and enjoyable. I often wondered to myself as to why there is so much of greatness thrust upon me, though I am just a tree like any other. Yes, here is the catch, I believe I am so revered because I am considered by the Hindus, a religious sect as a holy tree, an incarnation of their God. Aha! this makes me feel proud of myself and I am prone to thank God for this birth in which I get honour, respect, love and care. What else could any living being aspire for. I and my honour are further enhanced as, I stand near a temple of God. Now, all my anxiety is put to rest as, I have learnt that I am also here to be worshipped just as God himself. I stand here alone yet in great company of human beings. My life is just wonderful, I pray to God that HE grant such a wonderful and eventful life to all humans. One thing I forgot to tell you all, about my life. When people come and sit on the platform around me, I also get a lot of information about man’s world. I hear scandals, I hear about murders, thefts and what all evils that exist in this man’s world. At times I also get to hear small children saying lovely words to their mothers and, seeing the mothers cajoling them, I feel what a beautiful life men have. Thus to add to my experience of life, I have come to know a lot about human beings and their lives. Their lives are also full of pleasures and disappointments. It is not that men only enjoy as, most of us lesser beings seem to feel. Men also have their own problems. So, to add up I’d say my life is a pleasure and a rich experience.

Aspects of Autism :: disability disorder autistic

Aspects of Autism In general, autism is the developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see, hear, or otherwise sense. Approximately 3 to 5 out of every 10,000 school aged children have some for of autism, and males with the disorder outnumber females with it by nearly 5 to 1. It is estimated that 1 in every 500 display some autistic characteristics (Williams, xiv). Autism is called a spectrum disorder because there is no one characteristic and it is different in every person. Parents may hear labels such as: autistic-like, learning disabled with autistic tendencies, high or low functioning autism. These labels don’t describe differences in the child as much as the differences in the professional’s training, vocabulary, and exposure to autism (autism zone, review). Autism and related disorders are grouped under the broad heading of â€Å"Pervasive Development Disorder† or PDD. Autism, PDD-NOS (pervasive development disorder, not otherwise specified), Asperger’s syndrome and Rett’s syndrome are the four diagnoses used to describe individuals who manifest some, but not all characteristics of autism (Dalldorf, 1). There is no definite test for autism. Autism is usually first diagnosed in children when they are about 2 years old. A child may display normal or above normal development until this age and suddenly change. It is unknown exactly what causes autism, but it is a biological problem and a child’s environment has nothing to do with the disorder (Martin, 2-4). Also there is no one treatment to help autistic people. There are dozens of ways that seem to help and for every person it is different. First there are the characteristics that are most common in autistic people to varying degrees. Delays in the development of language or no development at all. If it does develop then there is often use of words without attachment of normal meaning, use of unusual metaphors or speak in the formal, and talk in a monotone voice (Martin). They usually avoid eye contact and appear to tune out the world around them. They can appear to be deaf one minute and overly sensitive the next and similar reactions with all their senses. Some autistic people may excel in one area or another such as music, math, drawing, or memorizing facts whether important or not. That was the characteristic displayed in the movie â€Å"Rainman†. However, only about 20% of autistic people have average or above average intelligence (autism zone, review).

A Worn Path VS A Rose For Emily Essay

In the pages of the short stories, A Worn Path and A Rose For Emily we are able to see a similar side and connection between the two. As we look at the theme, tone, and morals we are able to better grasp the conflict in these two stories, while detecting whether the two protagonists, Miss Emily and Phoenix Jackson are mentally crazy. The main moral in A Worn Path is the love, and life of Phoenix Jackson. The path she travels across interrupts her life. Her love is the love and affection she has for her grandson. If we read the story closer then it may lead us to the conclusion that Phoenix really does not have a Grandson. Phoenix complains to the doctor that her Grandson has had a sore throat for an extremely long time. This may cause the reader to believe that she used to have a Grandson but he became so sick he died. Yet, at the same time Phoenix also shows her intellect by seeing the money fall out of the hunter’s jacket from a far off distance. In A Rose For Emily the main moral is that some people will do anything not to be alone when they feel scared, and afraid of being left again. Miss Emily’s father used to chase away all of her boyfriends or men she had feelings for. She became adapted to this life of only having her father and when he dies then she feels alone and doesn’t want to ever be alone again and she has not the knowledge to maintain her own boyfriend or husband. So she decides to kill her current crush and she keeps him in a locked room until the day she dies. When you compare the two books they have a very similar tone. Though the locations different they still connect through the same tone. Phoenix Jackson is on a trail walking to town to buy some medicine for her Grandson, while Miss Emily is locked up in her house with a dead man. If you were to not focus as much on the location and put your attention to their state of mind then you can see that they are in the same atmosphere. The tone in A Worn Path is for Phoenix to accomplish the task of getting medicine for her grandchild, while the reader can look at the path as the challenges of her life. Miss Emily on the other hand is just looking to not be so alone. They both know that if they set their mind to their goal then they can  accomplish anything they wish to. The theme is slightly different however. Miss Emily and Phoenix both have goals, but in A Worn Path Phoenix’s life is portrayed so much by the path itself. The path in the story tells the life of Phoenix. While Miss Emily is just a woman who sits at home and does not go out in public too often, she just wants to have company. Phoenix on the other hand had her mindset to go to town and socialize while purchasing the medicine. The conflict in A Rose For Emily is the conflict of human vs. human. However the story is told in a third person point of view, which does not gives us any insight to exactly what Emily, was thinking. The same goes for Phoenix, maybe if the story was told in a first person point of view we would know if they are crazy or sane, because we could get into their mind and tell what it is they were thinking. For example, we don’t know what Phoenix was thinking as she walked down the path, fell in the hole, and reached town. For Emily we could tell clearly if she was insane when she killed the man in her house by her thoughts and emotions. The conflict in A Worn Path is the battle between not only human vs. human but also human vs. nature. The battle of human vs. human lives in the mind of Phoenix but we have little insight of that because how the story is told in a third person not her mind. The next is human vs. nature because of the trials Phoenix has on the trail with the bumps, rocks, ditches, hunters, dogs, and etcetera. Therefore in the stories of A Worn Path and A Rose For Emily we see the similarities that linger in the mind of humans and they way they act to the observing eye. There are several things that are the same such as the tone, conflict, and they have relative morals. Yet they have a different theme to make the reader compare and contrast these two books and their differences.

Democracy †Essay Essay

Introduction Democracy, it is generally believed, had its roots in Ancient Athens. We know it spread its stems to most of Europe and later to parts of Asia by mid 19th century , mostly in the form of parliamentary democracy. But in the context of this paper,we are not interested in the histrocity of the idea or concept of democracy, but in the idea itself. That is to say we want to analyze the meaning of democracy and its different forms, study its efficiency (so to say), ponder over its limitations and compare it to other forms of government. Whether democracy was conceived of in Athens, Sparta or India is not a topic of interest in this paper (although there may be references to historical events in the evolution of the idea when pertinent). What does democracy mean? Democracy comes from the greek â€Å"rule of the people†. But as I searched for a definition of democracy in the course of research for this paper, a consistent defintion of it seemed to elude me. So we must examine some of these definitions and try to find a core to the idea of democracy, if there exists one. Bunch of different ideas and quotes are out thr on internet †¦put about 4-5 of them here and discuss if them from a current or historical perspective..ive written down one for u: â€Å"The right to dissent without repercussions to one’s personal well-being is the core value of Democracyâ€Å" * Nathan Sharansky Discuss quotes such as this to evaluate how these ideas are implemented in practice.. All this should take up about 500 words..  The only core value seems to be people get to elect their governement..how much of the peoples rights are respected after that greatly varies.. Forms of democracy Representative..constitutes parliamentary and liberal(most democracies are  these) Constitutional Direct Socialist Totalitarian ..discuss all thse†¦about 300 words.. A critique of democacy An illusion â€Å"There was no stone-pelting, nothing.There was no curfew †¦ They fired indiscriminately.† (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kashmir-burns-again-as-india-responds-to-dissent-with-violence-2045905.html). The above was said by Abdul Rashid, a Kashmiri youth whose friend was gunned down by Indian army officials for holding a peaceful, nonviolent, anti-government rally in the summer of 2010. But this was not an anomoly in the process of democracy in India. Kashmir still remains the most militarized zone in the world with about a half a million troops on active duty (for the sake of comparison, the United States had about 165,000 troops in Iraq at its peak)(i read these figures on cia.gov..i dont remember the exact link ). How is that a government for the people is killing its own citizens for holding a nonviolent demonstration? How is such a huge militarization of a province in a democracy justified? Even a basic understanding of the ideas of freedom and liber ty that democracy entails shows how abhorrent these actions are. But these things happen, not just in India, but in other developed counties like the United States (Japanese americans in 1942), where the rights of their citizens are violated just when they would want to exercise them. So one must ask, are democracies really for the people? A study of history of goverment brutality in countries like India and the United States seem to suggest otherwise. The almost forceful takeaway of land by the Indian goverment in eastern India from farmers (actions which directly led to the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency, something the current prime minister of India called â€Å"the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country.†( http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IndiaAP.html)), seem to suggest otherwise. The locking up of Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942 by Franklin Roosevelt and the Unites States government seem to suggest otherwise. The indiscriminate shooting of  unarmed, nonviolent Kashmiri youths (some as young as 9 years old)shouting â€Å"azadi!azadi!†(â€Å"freedom!freedom!†) by Indian security officials seem to suggest otherwise. One gets the idea. So maybe people like Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca are correct after all. The masses are always characterized by apathy and division, the powers to be by drive and unity (Femia, Joseph V. â€Å"Against the Masses†, Oxford 2001). Maybe all democracy does is shift the power scale, from domination by a despotic leader to manipulation by a democratic government. Maybe the people don’t really have much of a say after all. Maybe it’s just an illusion. Majority rule Majority always gets its way..discuss gay rights..civil rights in us..womens rights historically..religious parties like shiv sena in Mumbai..rising intolerance of secularism in india..majority rule can get tyrannical and the minority issues ignored when people get to decide resolutions to minority issues. The irrational voter â€Å"The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter.† – Winston Churchill Talk about how the common man is largely ignorant about serious issues and hence can vote against his/her interests..u can greatly discuss the recent midterms in us to make this point†¦basically ur sayin if we must solve economic issues we talk to economist..if we must solve environmental issues we talk to climate scientists..if we are talking abt what to teach in science class we take the consensus of scientist not what the common people of the state think (talk abt teaching creationism in schools..a lot of states in us have majority of it people wanting creationism be taught as science even though almost no scientist believe it to be science)†¦not everything should be up for a vote†¦.. Economically Ur a better person to write abt this Idealistic Show how its hard to apply democratic principles in practice†¦corrupt officials..apathetic citizens..uprisings etc.. Instable Frequent elections make the government instable†¦shitload of examples on the internet abt this.. Best we have? â€Å"It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried.†- Winston Churchill Compare democracy to other forms of governments like dictatorships, communist states, anarchist, socialist,etc..define and discuss each with respect to western liberal democracy..ive done some of it for anarchist Anarchist – Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behaviour. (from wikipedia). One such current society is Somalia, and it would not be hyperbole to suggest they are not doing very well. The lack of a state and police have led to nationwide lawlessness, violence and spiralled the country into utter chaos. I think Somalia really characterizes the severe consequences of not having a state and is not a direction one would want their country to go in. Giving people all the power has resulted in the most powerful and the most brutal of them to take power and the rest of people losing all freedom(ironically).

The impact of hosting the World Expo 2020 on Dubais future economic, social and cultural life The WritePass Journal

The impact of hosting the World Expo 2020 on Dubais future economic, social and cultural life Introduction The impact of hosting the World Expo 2020 on Dubais future economic, social and cultural life ). The possibility that the Expo 2020 will be a crucible for interacting creative forces across the world is, moreover, encapsulated in Dubai’s chosen theme: ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’ (Big News Network, 2013). Research questions This research will aim to answer the following questions: What factors are likely to contribute to the success or failure of the World Expo 2020? What are the social, economic, and cultural changes that Dubai is a likely to experience? How will be Dubais future in the global stage change as a result of this event? How might Dubai use the World Expo 2020 as a marketing tool? How might Dubai use the symbolic economy to aid its cultural and urban regeneration and shape its new urban identity? Will Expo 2020 commentary and press show Dubai in a positive or negative light? Literature review Due to the very recent nature of the announcement, there is almost no literature dealing directly with the relationship between Dubai and the Expo 2020. However, there has been considerable commentary in the form of political and economic punditry, much of which is academic. Piers Schreiber, Vice President of Corporate Communications Public Affairs at the Jumeirah Group, claimed that ‘the Expo will create up to 270,000 jobs in the region, bringing great economic and social benefits’ (cited in Wilson, 2013). Among these are an injection of roughly â‚ ¬17.7 billion into the economy and a migration of talent from abroad (Wilson, 2013). These estimations are supported by the forecasting group Oxford Economics, which claims that the event will contribute nearly $40 billion to Dubais GDP and create 277,000 new jobs over the next seven years (Big News Network, 2013). A similar argument is put forward by Rose and Spiegel (2009), whose work suggests that ‘mega eventsâ⠂¬â„¢ lead to a substantial increase in trade (approx. 30%); however, they also show that ‘unsuccessful bids to host the Olympics have a similar positive impact on exports†¦trade is attributable to the signal a country sends when bidding to host the games, rather than the act of actually holding a mega-event’ (p1). Although Sheik Mohammed has claimed that the Dubai Expo 2020 will breathe new life into the ancient role of the Middle East as a melting pot for cultures and creativity (Big News Network, 2013), the goal of cultural diversity has been questioned due to the strong emphasis on boosting an ‘Islamic economy’, which suggests continuity more than change (Wilson, 2013). Based on comparisons with other ‘mega events’, it is often argued that the effects of the Expo 2020 are likely to be negative for Dubai. Rose and Spiegel (2009), for example, stress that much of the evidence for the benefits of mega events is commissioned by groups with biasing agendas (e.g., Humphreys and Plummer, 1995; Fuller and Clinch, 2000, both cited in Rose and Spiegel, 2009). The same is argued by Nitsch and Wendland (2013), who also point to the large initial investment in facilities and infrastructure associated with mega events, which can place a considerable burden on the local or national economy; there tends also to be a dramatic and unpredictable effect on property prices. The conclusion of Nitsch and Wendland (2013) is that mega events tend to have an overwhelmingly negative effect on population growth (i.e., a population decline), as measured relative to a control group. However, Nitsch and Wendland (2013), and Rose and Spiegel (2009), point to the difficulty of estimating the impact of major events. Problems quantifying the effects, especially on phenomena such as labour markets, are often exacerbated by the fact that many studies are commissioned ex ante by biased groups. Moreover, in conducting analyses such as this, it is difficult to find an adequate sample size due to the infrequency of mega events. Then there are problems with the intangibility of cultural and social spillover effects, as well as the economic multiplier (Rose and Spiegel, 2009). Methodology The effects of the Expo 2020 are best assessed using a variety of methodological approaches, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. From the quantitative side there will be content analysis-case studies and statistical analyses. From the qualitative, there will be surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. In terms of research philosophy (or methodology, strictly speaking), this research will take both an objectivist and a subjectivist approach (Crotty, 1998). It would be advantageous to use what Nitsch and Wendland (2013: 4) call a ‘difference-in-differences methodology’. This draws ‘before and after’ comparisons, and in this case would entail looking at the effect of former Expos on host nations and cities and extrapolating about the probable effects on Dubai. Bibliography Crotty, M. (1998) The foundation of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in Research Progress. Sage Publications: London Big News Network (Nov 2013) Dubai wins right to host Expo 2020 bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/218715287/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dubai-wins-right-to-host-Expo-2020 [Retrieved 03/02/2014]. Nitsch, V. and Wendland, N. (2013) The IOC’s Midas Touch: Summer Olympics and City Growth, CESIFO WORKING PAPER NO. 4378, Centre for Economic Studies Ifo Institute. Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE (2013) Our Bid http://expo2020dubai.ae/en/our_bid [Retrieved 03/02/2014] Rose, A. K. and Spiegel, M. M. (2009) The Olympic Effect, NBER Working Paper No. 14854, The National Bureau of Economic Research nber.org/papers/w14854 [Retrieved 03/02/2014]. Wilson, J. A. J. (Dec 2013) Global Islamic Economy Summit and World Expo 2020 boost Dubais Halal credentials, The Huffington Post huffingtonpost.co.uk/jonathan-aj-wilson/global-islamic-economy_b_4366436.html [Retrieved 03/02/2014].

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Essays

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Essays Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Essay Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Essay Background This papers is a guideline set out by the Medicines and Healthcare merchandises Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) which is the authorities bureau which is responsible for doing certain medical specialties and medical devices are tolerably safe. The guideline is titled amp ; lsquo ; Managing Medical Devices it replaces the old MHRA guidelines published in DB 9801 A ; lsquo ; Medical Device and Equipment Management for Hospital and Community Based Organisations . These guidelines were formed due to the big sum of incident studies that the MHRA received affecting hurts due to inadequately maintained medical devices. The medical devices ordinance truly started in the mid 1990s when the section of wellness was set up, to better the safety of medical equipment. The Medicines and Healthcare merchandises Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) was set up in 2003 conveying together the Medicines Control Agency ( MCA ) and the Medical Devices Agency ( MDA ) . The MHRA is a good established, dependable and indifferent beginning and are acknowledged as experts in the safety of medical devices. It is indispensable that Trust s meet appropriate criterions of safety, quality and public presentation, following with all relevant directives set out by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) , National Audit Office and the NHS Litigation Authority Risk Management Standards. It is the duty of Trust s and all their employees within the Trust to guarantee that medical devices are deployed, monitored and controlled in such a mode that all hazards associated with their acquisition and usage are minimized. Introduction In this Critical rating I am looking to place whether the MHRA s DB 2006 ( 05 ) is still a relevant and current papers. Some of the inquiries I will be looking at are. Make the guidelines go far plenty? Are they excessively demanding? What challenges have administrations faced implementing the recommendations? Do modern developments make the counsel obsolete in any manner? From this papers direction procedures should be improved by the greater handiness of information, which will increase the betterment of direction and monitoring of medical devices and in bend will, A ; middot ; Improve safety in the bringing of attention to patients ; A ; middot ; Improve safety for the staff utilizing the equipment ; A ; middot ; better control and use of valuable resources ; A ; middot ; Improve conformity with statute law and criterions ; and A ; middot ; reduced costs. This policy relates to all medical devices irrespective of whether purchased, leased, loaned on test or donated. Examples of medical devices as set out in MHRA counsel DB2006 ( 05 ) Table 1 The DB2006 ( 05 ) did travel far plenty in 2006 but as with all engineerings, medical engineering and processs are ever bettering and accommodating and due to this I think the certification to back up this besides needs to be reviewed and updated. Following this the MHRA provinces that, A ; lsquo ; As good as runing the current regulative system, the MHRA works to act upon the form of future ordinance. As new engineerings, such as tissue technology and genetic sciences start to offer new intervention possibilities, the Agency is assisting to plan and implement new precautions, normally through new EU statute law. ( MHRA, 2008 ) The DB2006 ( 05 ) was a good papers when it was foremost published as there was no other like it, it covered all the cardinal countries of medical devices support. This brought together best pattern in all countries to supply infirmaries and community based administrations counsel in how they should be supplying a service. Before the DB2006 ( 05 ) there was really small counsel to follow within this field. The DB2006 ( 05 ) talks a batch about bettering communicating and recordkeeping and about ownership and duty these are cardinal things that should be followed in all administrations and sections. Besides it mentions about audit and monitoring these are to do certain people are cognizant if they are non following the trust policies of processs right and how they can better in the hereafter besides it gives grounds that best pattern is being followed. The papers might be easier to follow by some larger trust but some of the smaller or less established trust might non hold the construction or resources to be able to implement the alterations to pattern. But all trusts can take something from the DB2006 ( 05 ) to enable them to better their service within their medical devices direction policies. Literature hunt I looked for any literature to back up Interviews I spoke to Decision From my findings I believe that the guidelines set out by the MHRA in DB2006 ( 05 ) are still relevant but are perchance due a alteration because, Plants Cited MHRA. ( November 2006 ) . DB2006 ( 05 ) . MHRA. Appendixs Legislation Duties Legislation which is relevant to the usage of medical devices includes: Consumer Protection Act 1987 ( Consumer Safety and Product Liability ) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Electrical Equipment ( Safety ) Regulations 1994 Employers Liability ( Compulsory Insurance ) Act 1969 General Product Safety Regulations 2005 Health and Safety at Work Act ( HASAWA ) 1974 In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulations Ionizing Radiation ( Medical Exposures ) Regulations 2000 Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1999 Raising Operationss and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Medical Devicess Regulations 2002 ( Amended 2003 ) Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 1999 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 Trade Descriptions Act 1968 Unfair Contract Footings Act 1977 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations

How to Market a Memoir Top Tips From the Experts

How to Market a Memoir Top Tips From the Experts How to Market a Memoir: Top Tips from the Experts Indie authors can have quite an uphill battle when it comes to marketing a memoir. When we buy a memoir, it’s because we want to know more about a person’s life, or what they have to say about a certain subject. Therefore, we’re less likely to pick up a memoir written by someone we’ve never heard of.Then again, on the bright side, some memoir-writers will find that their book comes with an already-defined target market - and when it comes to your life, you are the ultimate authority on the subject. For instance, if you write science fiction, sure, you can target your book to readers who enjoy that genre, but you’ll be competing with a monstrous number of other books. If you write a memoir about leaving your home country of Canada, and spending 15 years working as a gardener for a wealthy family in Spain, well, you’ve got a host of niche groups who might be interested in your real-life accounts: Canadian gardeners, expats living in Spain, Med iterranean people interested in the lifestyles of the wealthy, etc.This article will cover three of the most essential components of marketing a memoir: determining who your readers are, figuring out how to connect with them, and establishing yourself as a reputable and compelling source on the subject matter. To ready you for your hike up the steep hill to memoir sales, we’ve sought advice from several of our top marketers.Determine your target audienceIn our post on how to write a memoir, we asked authors to consider who they are writing their memoir for. This is a necessary question that bears repeating in this article as well. Due to the fact that a memoir is a personal thing, your answer might be, â€Å"For myself, to tell my own story† - and that’s wonderful. But if you would like to successfully market and sell your memoir, you have to think beyond yourself and step into your readers’ shoes. Get personal! (Photo by Joanna Kosinska)When it comes to memoirs, authors with a pre-established platform will find the job of marketing much easier. But it’s not impossible for unknown authors to publish a successful memoir - after all, Frank McCourt was a teacher when he published his debut book, the memoir Angela’s Ashes. Take our tips into account and start throwing stuff at the wall until it starts to stick. Hey, maybe you'll get a really good story out of the whole process; maybe you'll write a memoir about it.Have your written a memoir? What have been your experiences, struggles, or learnings with marketing it? Leave us your thoughts in the comments below!

Social Networking and Whether It Helps Create a Utopian or Dystopian Essay

Social Networking and Whether It Helps Create a Utopian or Dystopian Society - Essay Example 1. Body A. Utopian society B. Dystopia society 2. Analysis and evaluation 3. Definitions Conclusion: In conclusion, social networking plays a big role in shaping responses to situations and understanding between people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. It has made it possible to sell ideologies and get new perspective on any issue discussed. Introduction The introduction of social networking sites in the internet have had mixed reactions from scholars and individuals. Though philosophical analysts believe that the production of individuals in work places has reduced drastically, there are those on the view that the sites bring new, constructive ideas through interaction. The sites are believed to have brought a utopia society. As defined by Michael et. al., utopia refers to an ideal or a visionary world of political, social, and economic perfection (10). The resultant utopian society is one that achieves absolute harmony and happiness through exercising of perfect conside rations for people to live by. Dystopia refers to the complete opposite of utopia characterised by extremely fearful and dehumanizing conditions. It follows that a dystopian society is one characterised by lack of basic freedom, misery, and widespread discrimination based on race, sex, intellect or any other disparities that exist in societies. Wars, natural and anthropogenic calamities, overpopulation, scarcity of resources, high levels of crime and occurrence of epidemics bring about dystopia, whether in isolation or a combination of two or more. The two are mutually exclusive in that the presence of one automatically rules out the other. A classic example of this relation between the two is the attempt by the German leader, Adolf Hitler, to create a utopian society constituting a super race, which backfired in to a dystopian society for the discriminated minorities. A utopian or dystopian society at the global level results from localized small communities that facilitate interac tion of people with similar goals of unity and harmonious co-existence or the lack of it. Leaders across board strive to form societies that uphold basic human freedoms; exercise democracy in decision-making, equality between sexes, races, and different persuasions, fairness in resource distribution and environmental sustainability among others to make the world an oasis of peace for all. This implies that people exercise greater control of their actions than they do currently; cooperate in organizing and undertaking activities that affect others and the environment. This is contrary to current capitalist and communist systems practised, in which the elite have complete control over poor whom they exploit for economic gains. Education is a basic ingredient of utopia; learners should be encouraged to carry on with their interests in order to fully explore and develop their criticality in thinking. Political leadership and governance would be expected to change to an egalitarian syste m in which people organise themselves voluntarily to manage vital institutions without coercive and hierarchical structures. Encouraging basic science and technology with priority to appropriate application and careful understanding of its implications on the ecology before adoption is another tenet of utopianism. Other features include practice of equality between sexes, exercise of great control over individual contact and tolerance to the highest

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder - Essay Example The word ‘duress’ can be explained as a compulsion on an accused by a third party to carry out a murder, or else , he might have witnessed a cruel harm, including death from such a third party.This research essay will analyse how duress cannot be claimed as a defence to murder as held in R v Howe with decided other case laws on the subject.Analysis In Attorney-General v Whelan, 2 it was held that duress is a threat with an instant death or grave body injury to the defendant, and if he refuses to carry out the order of a third party and it should be acknowledged as a validation for action, which would else be regarded as a criminal offense.3 In the earlier times, if duress is claimed as a defence, then the prosecution has the duty to prove beyond doubt that the defendant was not indulged in a crime under duress. However, now, the onus to prove the duress defence claims rests with an accused. Duress cannot be successful in case where there is a claim of peril of lesser har m such as damage to assets or false imprisonment. As held in R v Howe, if there is an instant threat of a serious body injury or death, then defence under duress can be claimed for crimes other than murder and treason.4 Under English law, duress as a defence is not available to attempted murder, murder, or any kind of treason. Hence, the crucial issue was whether duress was a valid defence in murder cases. A defendant may claim duress as an excuse that connotes the defendant had been compelled to act under such a harsh danger that precluding from the crime could not rationally be expected.6 Duress by circumstances and duress by threat are differentiated as to the basis of the threat. Duress per minas (by a threat) starts from a human peril while duress by circumstances involves a peril of natural origin. Both threats can qualify as a valid excuse. In DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch, 7 Lord Simon observed that duress is just a specific usage of the canon of necessity. In this case, it was held by the Lords that defence of duress was available to a collaborator. In this case, the lords observed that where a defendant is left with two alternatives, which are between the peril of death or grave injury, and if he wantonly put an end to life of an innocent, an ordinary individual should think that one naive human life is as precious as that of his family members and in such event, the defendant cannot argue that he is preferring the least significant of the two evils. Likewise, in R v Gotts,8 it was held that duress is not a justification to an attempted slaughter.9 In normal parlance, the courts would not acknowledge a defence of duress when an abnormal injury is made by the defendant .This is known as a test of proportionality as held in R v Howe.10 Likewise, the duress shield can fail if the prosecution is able to demonstrate that the defendant had a chance to avert the threat from the third party by taking timely help from the police, and if the defendant negle cted to do so, the defence of duress would not be successful as held in R v Hasan.11 Lord Bingham in the R v Hasan case viewed that the peril may be to the defendant or to his family or to a known person of the defendant. Hence, peril against the welfare of the defendant’s family, or to his life or to the life of the person known to the defendant, will be an adequate proof of duress.12 In R v Fitzpatrick,13 it was held that a gang member who had been compelled to indulge in murder could not raise a defence of dur

The cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cold war - Essay Example It made its citizens its slaves. During this period, both sides tried to contain one another. The U.S., for example, tried to contain Cuba, which was communist. It isolated this country with an embargo. A big confrontation developed in this situation with the Cuban Missile Crisis. It came very close to nuclear war but the U.S. won the state down. Another episode of containment occurred in Vietnam. The U.S. Wanted to contain the communist North Vietnamese, so it supported the free South. The Soviet Union and its allies strengthened the North, created a war in the country. This was not a success for the U.S. These confrontations have various lessons. Sometimes containment can work but it often just postpones a conflict. Most of the time the U.S. should vigorously defend its interests. Many bad countries would love to spend all day negotiating and talking about their problems with the U.S. Meanwhile they are building an arsenal to attack. Confrontation may be the better solution to this

Business 5000 5day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business 5000 5day - Essay Example It is not only the business world that is increasingly engaging in scrutiny of CSR, but the literary community as well. This is a trend evident from the increased CSR studies and the wide array of theoretical concepts that attempt to elucidate this crucial aspect of business. For instance, early studies like those conducted by Drayton (2002, pp. 124) do not evaluate CSR as an entire company’s responsibility, but rather as a social duty of individual entrepreneurs. However, with progression in time, the literature diversifies to and most published works show CSR in a wider scope. There appears to be a consensus amongst scholars on the wide scope nature of CSR, as many literary sources show that the concept embraces ethical, environmental, and social challenges. Author Morsing and Schultz (2006, pp.123-134) makes the assertion that corporate social responsibility is largely propelled by increased public demands for improved corporate citizenship and companies’ transparenc y. ... , international diversification of companies is making many multinational companies (MNCs) come into contact with global customers and suppliers that have varying business and cultural backgrounds. As a result, these companies have to adopt norms and practices of the recipient country, in order to blend in and operate profitably in the new environment. This idea is supported by Mair and Marti (2006, pp. 23-35), who emphasizes that CSR agendas closely relate with global development. Apparently, CSR strategies are perceived as vehicles through which large MNCs can actively foster the welfare of developing nations, by conducting their operations in a responsible manner, especially in regard to environmental and social issues. However, as Crane and Matten (2003, p. 84) notes, the reality of the situation is that, majority of the large international companies usually undermine CSR provisions. This is shown by the corporations’ unethical and irresponsible behavior; characterized by problematic issues like provision of insecure workplace environment, gender discrimination, unfair payment, sexual harassment, as well as, pollution of the environment with toxic effluents or emissions. Even though CSR strategies are utilized in virtually every business environment, it is imperative to not that they may vary from one economy to another. The CSR approach in developing nations largely differs from that in developed regions. For instance, developing nations are characterized by continuing economic growth, making them suitable targets for majority of foreign corporations. These nations are considered to be lucrative, since they have abundant low wage labour, a wide variety of resources, and limited government restrictions. These are all crucial elements for MNCs profitable

Business Structure Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business Structure Advice - Essay Example This is where you choose to take on partners. Partners contribute capital to start the business. The business may be a limited partnership that is different from a partnership because some partners (limited partners) have limited liability for the company’s debts while others have unlimited liability (general partners). Advantages of a Partnership will be: My recommendation to you as a new business owner is to start a business as a sole proprietorship and refrain from taking on partners. The sole proprietorship business structure will give you the opportunity start at a lower cost and offer you the flexibility of controlling the business. Once the business is stable, you can safely move to other business structures based on the company’s requirements. Sole-proprietorship-advantages-and-disadvantages. (2014, September 9). Retrieved from Tasmanian Government: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/starting-a-business-from-scratch/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/sole-proprietorship-advantages-and-disadvantages., Department of State Growth

Business 5000 5day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business 5000 5day - Essay Example It is not only the business world that is increasingly engaging in scrutiny of CSR, but the literary community as well. This is a trend evident from the increased CSR studies and the wide array of theoretical concepts that attempt to elucidate this crucial aspect of business. For instance, early studies like those conducted by Drayton (2002, pp. 124) do not evaluate CSR as an entire company’s responsibility, but rather as a social duty of individual entrepreneurs. However, with progression in time, the literature diversifies to and most published works show CSR in a wider scope. There appears to be a consensus amongst scholars on the wide scope nature of CSR, as many literary sources show that the concept embraces ethical, environmental, and social challenges. Author Morsing and Schultz (2006, pp.123-134) makes the assertion that corporate social responsibility is largely propelled by increased public demands for improved corporate citizenship and companies’ transparenc y. ... , international diversification of companies is making many multinational companies (MNCs) come into contact with global customers and suppliers that have varying business and cultural backgrounds. As a result, these companies have to adopt norms and practices of the recipient country, in order to blend in and operate profitably in the new environment. This idea is supported by Mair and Marti (2006, pp. 23-35), who emphasizes that CSR agendas closely relate with global development. Apparently, CSR strategies are perceived as vehicles through which large MNCs can actively foster the welfare of developing nations, by conducting their operations in a responsible manner, especially in regard to environmental and social issues. However, as Crane and Matten (2003, p. 84) notes, the reality of the situation is that, majority of the large international companies usually undermine CSR provisions. This is shown by the corporations’ unethical and irresponsible behavior; characterized by problematic issues like provision of insecure workplace environment, gender discrimination, unfair payment, sexual harassment, as well as, pollution of the environment with toxic effluents or emissions. Even though CSR strategies are utilized in virtually every business environment, it is imperative to not that they may vary from one economy to another. The CSR approach in developing nations largely differs from that in developed regions. For instance, developing nations are characterized by continuing economic growth, making them suitable targets for majority of foreign corporations. These nations are considered to be lucrative, since they have abundant low wage labour, a wide variety of resources, and limited government restrictions. These are all crucial elements for MNCs profitable

Inorganic chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inorganic chemistry - Assignment Example This accounts for the differences in the overall stability constants between the Cu2+/NH3 and Cu2+/en systems. The crystal field splitting is the division in energy between two arrays of d orbitals due to uneven repulsion of the d electrons of the metal by the negative charges, which are set octahedrally around the innermost metal ion (Reger, Goode & Ball 2009). Therefore, the energy of the d orbitals augments as the negative charges approach the metal ion (Crystal field theory: energy level splitting n.d.). 4. The magnetic moment of [Mn(H2O)6]2+ is 5.9 BM while the magnetic moment of [Mn(CN)6]4- is 1.7 BM because [Mn(H2O)6]2+ contains more unpaired electrons compared to [Mn(CN)6]4-. According to Khandelwal, the magnetic moment of a substance increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons (n.d.). 5. The limitations of the Crystal Field Theory as applied to transition metal complexes are that it ignores the central metal atom and the ligands. The Crystal field Theory views ligands as point charges and does not account for chemical bonds. The Molecular Orbital Theory is a more useful theory because it explains atoms in terms of orbitals and the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals (electron configuration). This helps in accounting for chemical bonds as a result of transfer or sharing of electrons. It takes into account the ionic and covalent involvements in the formation of complexes. The Latimer diagram indicates the standard reduction potential for changes between each of the oxidation states of an element in order, starting with the highest oxidation state on the left and the lowest oxidation state on the right (Chandra 2006). The first step involves identifying the element with the highest oxidation state and writing it down. An arrow is drawn from this element to that with the second highest oxidation

Special Education Essay Example for Free

Special Education Essay To effectively talk about the effect of ID’s in the classroom I thought who better to talk to than a teacher that has a classroom full of ID students. Ms. Tornetta Clark, she is an Intervention Specialist in a SED room for grades 1-4 depending upon age. We began our conversation with what lead her to become an Intervention Specialist? Ms. Clark stated that she had always wanted to be a teacher even as a child, so when she went to college she decided to become a teacher she started as an elementary teacher and later decided to get into special education. As time went on she learned that she enjoyed these children even more than the others, it was more gratifying. So now that we have broken the ice so to speak can you tell me what some of the problems associated with assessing the children with ID may be? Tornetta asked me which group of children would I like to discuss, the culturally diverse, gender specific, the psychological these are all type of ID children and different types of assessments, so where would you like to begin? I thought that it would be best for her to tell me about the most difficult one and she choose culturally diverse students. Ms. Clark states that when dealing with the minorities there are additional layers of complexity to consider especially if the child is of another ethnicity than the person that is doing the assessment. Ms. Clark also states that she prefers to do the majority of her assessments on her own simply because she has been doing this for a long time and that she has worked with several different ethnicities. Having worked with the different ethnicities I have the upper hand and a child can feel when they are understood or when someone is placating them. In my many years of teaching I have also realized that children can feel when someone really understands them and cares. In my classroom we start the morning off by saying good morning to everyone by name and then we each can stay one thing that happened last night or over  the weekend or just something that they may want to share each child gets two minutes and we have a timer to ensure everyone get quality time. This is also something that works well on their social skills. Now as far as the assessment on the psychological side most of these test and assessments are done in the clinic or with the therapist, now there have been an occasion or two where I have sat in and I have even administered the assessment. However the same problems still exist these test need to be tailored to each child and they are not they are standard which in my opinion is ridiculous each child is different so each child should be tested differently. Now I asked about gender specific testing but I have only ran across that twice in my many years of teaching, however it does exist and as educators we need to be able to deal with it and continue to tech and maintain our classes. There are or at least it used to be several teachers that were homophobic and thought that school is no place for a child’s sexual preference to come out or even to be discussed. Now in the schools we see it everyday boys holding hands with other boys and girls doing the same so therefore it has to be addressed, it cannot be slid under the carpet anymore. This is something that as educators we also need to be able to deal with especially in our SED classes, these child need more open discussions so that they do feel that they are being included. Our children have a tendency to get picked on and then they end up feeling as if no one understands them and they begin to contemplate suicide, as educators it is our job to do our best to deter those types of feelings and to encourage a child to be true to who they think they are and to not judge others for being different. We attempted to get back to the interview with on last question and that was, what are the characteristics of the teacher’s students with ID that result in eligibility for special education? Ms. Clark informed that the majority of the students that go through some sort of testing do not get into a special education program. However there are reasons for that in some cases it is because the parents do not push and keep up with the appointments as well as follow through with what they need to do as far as information that may be needed to get a child into a program and doctors’ appointments, the letter’s from the doctor’s. There are all sorts of reasons and then there are specific programs that some parents would like to see their child in, but there is a waiting list or there is another program that is comparable but  the parent is reluctant. Also some parent’s may not want their child labeled as a special education student so they are in denial. And last but not lest then there are the neighborhood schools that are full and there are no exceptions to be made so that the child can stay with their siblings, this also goes into the transportation realm of the problems as well, some districts offer transportation to children but if there are siblings they cannot receive transportation so parents do not want their children separated and that is undrstandbale in most cases. Clark tells me that she feels that if one child attends the school in the special education program then the siblings should attend that school as well and they should receive transportation as well. This would probably keep down some of the confusion on the buses anyway, especially if there is an older sibling that can watch out for the younger ones. This is how we were raised the oldest always looked out for the younger ones and made sure that everyone was home safe when mom and dad got in from work. I think that we need to get back to the motto that it takes a village to raise a child and if we did then the school system and the communities would be a better place. After talking with Ms. Clark I thought about how I raised my children and she was correct when she said that it takes a village to raise a child, I was a single parent for several years and I had six children two were in the special education program at the neighborhood school. I took them to school and my mother picked them up from school. The neighbor watched them as they would enter the house and have snack a start their homework until I got home from work. I did the same for her on the weekends when she worked and she also had a child that was special needs and we made it work if the school called and I was unable to go she would go and vice versa. The point is that as parents and educators we need to work together to let our youth know that they are loved and that they are going to be taken care of not just in the schools but at home as well. References Clark, Tornetta: Intervention Specialist. 2013 Personal conversation. June 20.

Advice For Losing Weight Diet And Exercise English Language Essay

Advice For Losing Weight Diet And Exercise English Language Essay Losing weight can be frustrating and demanding, at its worst. For the past few months, I have been keeping up with the pace of several weight loss tips to help you realize your dream of getting the body you want. Weight loss tips will change your life in great pace in full twist turn. However, before you enjoy the spotlight, you must run after it. Here are some tips to help you, may the journey to a great body be full of success: Be a water buddy. Water detoxifies the body and it will keep the system working in healthy and great pace. Water is non calorie fluid that you can take anytime and any amount you want. It will help your body to look and feel sexier and fitter. Water first. Before you take your slimming tea in the morning, drink a glass of water. Water will pass through your digestive system washing toxins and harmful agents away. Moreover, it is a nice remedy to solve your food intake water can kill your appetite. Drink another glass before mealtime. Water does not contain calories. You drink a glass before you eat it will make you feel full of cutting short your food intake. Drink water while eating your meal. Do not be overly focused in eating your meal chunks. Most people leave out the value of water while they are eating. The human body is mostly made of water; and it is very important to lead the body with enough water supply. Water will keep your stomach full without eating more food. Say no to sweetened food drinks. Soda drinking is not a good idea. Sodas, colas, and fizzy contain sugar one of the main sources of calories is sugar. If you want to lose weight faster, you need to stay away from food drinks and stick to the diet regimen you are following. Go for Water Substitute. If you dont like drinking much water, it is better to stick to watery foods. Lemons and tomatoes are water-based fruits that you can eat to supply your body with the necessary fluid for detoxification. Fruit Juice or Fresh Fruits. Bottled fruit juices are sweetened with sugar you need to stay away from these juices to cut short your sugar intake. Fresh fruits have natural sugar that is beneficial to the body. Go for Fresh Fruit Juice. If you cant stand not drinking fruit juices, it is advisable to stick to fresh fruit juices. Artificial or sweetened juices contain a high amount of sugar, and it will surely devastate your weight loss goals. Say no to processed fruits. You love eating pineapple cuts in cans? Well, it is time to say no to canned fruits. It is good to eat fresh fruits than processed ones avoid the toxins and win a great body. Be fibrous. There are several fruits and vegetables that contain fiber. Fiber helps in digesting foods and cleaning the digestive tract from toxins. Go vegan. Salad will do bets for your diet. There are several vegetables that will help you lose weight and stay healthy at the same time. You can get leafy vegetables as part of your daily food intake. Eat no-brainier. Eating is not just a physical movement. Before you take a chunk of beef, think if it will do good for you. Do not eat like a hungry mongrel. Consider what you eat and do not drive your bodys will. Choose it and chew. When faced with delicious food, choose what to bite. Leafy vegetables that serve as garnishments for the dish, are more nutritious and important than the real dish. Do not think about the price of the dish think about the nutrients you will get. Say no to sweets. Chocolates are really tasty and you would die to have a crunch. However, if you want to stay in the weight loss goal you have, it is very important to throw the next package you get. Do not indulge yourself to gluttony with chocolates and other sweets. Eat on time. Schedule your eating time. Be sure to feed your body with proper foods at a scheduled time. Any alterations to the mealtime will affect the food intake. Those who eat late will surely have tendency to eat more than what they should. Dont eat without the need. You have taken your dinner but you need to be in a party? Well, you can go to the party without eating another plate of pork. It is very important to control your food drive. Eat only if you are really hungry and do not make any excuse to stay away from the plan. Moreover, be sure to check if you are hungry or just thirsty do not interchange the feeling. Say no to snack in between. Most snacks settle on junk foods. If you need to eat a meal, then eat but do not take snacks in between. Junk foods are high in calories and other elements but a pack of junk foods will not make you full. Say no to snacks and weight loss faster. Have a vegan snack. You really need a bite of snacks? If you do, then try to control what you eat for snacks. Eating vegetables, instead of junk foods are a good idea. Vegetables like carrots will keep your stomach full. Plus, you are getting the most of the nutrients. There are other vegetables that you can take advantage if you want to have vegan snacks. Figure your coffee and tea. Coffee and tea may be good for the morning, but if you add a lot of sugar, you will surely go to fatso. Moreover, cream is just a great equivalent for chocolates. Before you pour another teaspoon of cream or sugar, think again. Say no to coffee, go for tea. Tea and coffee are a good combination for the cold morning. Tea contains antioxidants to keep your body in great consonance. On the other hand, caffeine in coffee may affect the metabolic processes of the body. Calculate. If you can calculate your money, then try to count the calories you eat. Whatever you eat, try to figure out the amount of calories you are adding to your body. It takes a little of calculation to figure out the problem. Use them up. If you cannot really stop taking in extra calories, then use them up. The problem is not in the intake of calories but on burning up the calories that are accumulated in the body. Do not let calories go unpunished. Dont be fried. Fried foods  make use of oil or fat. Oil and fat are exactly not good for your body. Stay away from fried foods because, even if oils are drained, internal oils will stay in the food; and you are taking them into your body system. Dont skip meals. If you think skipping a meal means a diet, you are in a perfectly messy thought. Be sure to eat your meals in proper time and proper counts. Three or four serve best. Eat them raw. Say no to canned vegetables they are as processed as the can packaging. Stay away from cooked foods. Preferably, go for raw vegetables. If you are cooking the vegetables, you are throwing half of the nutrients; and you are wasting the bucks. Egg means zero. If you love eating eggs, you are inviting cholesterol. Eggs are good if taken three or four times a week. Do not make them your everyday helpful meal. Keep the price. Some people dont eat chocolates because of the price. However, with the entry of various affordable chocolates, its so hard to resist. It is important to keep the price of chocolates; eat them only at times or on occasions. Scattering is always good. If you think you will be healthy by sticking to certain types of food, you are not in the middle of truth. It is very important to eat the right kind of foods from all food groups to keep your body in great health and to fully keep the stomach in great work. Say no to alcohol beverages; they will burn you down. Beers and beverages will make you fat. Alcohol in the body will cause disruption in the metabolism of the body and it will be very hard for you to handle the appetite swings after the alcohol subsided. Keep breakfast abreast. If you like jogging in the woods every morning, it is greatly advised to eat breakfast one after. It will supply the energy needs of the body and to replace what has been used during the jog. Weight Loss Tips for Eating: Go for carbs. Notions about carbohydrates are widespread in the web. Your body needs carbohydrates to maintain the energy supply of the body keep that at 50%. Proteins must go in the second. Proteins are responsible in the rebuilding and maintaining basic processes of the body. You must maintain a 25 30% intake of proteins to support repair of cells and other parts of the body. Fewer fats. You need some fats for energy but dont raise it more than 10-15%. Keep that percentage and maintain body weight. Have a vegan week. Vegetables can do wonder for your body. They contain lesser calories but lots of nutrients. It is a big thing that you keep up with the needs of the body by having a simple day for animal-based foods. But for the rest, go for vegetables as long as you can. Meat comes in white. Prefer to eat white meat from fish, tuna, and fowl. Avoid the red meat, like pork and beef, as they contain more than what your body needs. Go for fibrous grains. Instead of going for rice, you can find substitutes, like wheat. They contain higher protein and a great amount of fiber for body processes and digestion (respectively). Cut the pork. Pork is one of the culprits of fatness. If you can stay away from it, it will be very great. However, if you cannot stay away from pork, it is very important to cut the intake. If you will substitute another food for pork, it will be very great. Cut the sugar. Stop your intake for sugar-coated products. If you can get a sugar-free substitute, it would be very great to avoid fatness. Graze them piece by piece. Eating in a big amount at once will cause storage of unused foods. However, if you take in little meals, the body will be able to cope with with the digestion and all food energies will be used up. Cheat a little. Being in a diet is really hard. There are lot of food temptations that you need to avoid. However, if you cant stand seeing somebody eating sumptuously, you can cheat. Take a bite, but nothing more. Fat calculator. Before you eat, you try to find out the fat present. To calculate, each gram of fat is equal to 9 calories. You need to stick to the above plan, do not exceed fat intake. Salt no more. Salt is another silent culprit of fatness and overweight. You need to cut short of your salt intake to ensure weight loss. Turn from table butter to cholesterol-free butter. Table butter contains fats, oil, and a great deal of cholesterol. All these three will make your life a misery by adding pounds per pounds to your body. Substitute table butter with cholesterol-free butter, but still enjoy your meal. Bake them. Can the food be baked? If yes, then dont fry them. Bake the food as much as you can to avoid the oil associated with frying. Fry without oil. Non stick pans will help you to avoid using another quart of oil. You need to avoid oil as much as you can while you are cooking. Boil vegetables. Instead of cooking vegetables, you boil them. Cooking will take away the nutrients of the vegetables. Steaming vegetables will keep the nutrients of the leafy vegan. Most of the leafy vegans, like cabbage, are cooked this way to preserve vitamins. Chew parsley. Ever feeling the need to chew something? Try a parsley. It will do good to keep your teeth from cranking on another chunk of pork. Go low or no fats. Fats and cholesterol are good friends they eat up the health of your cardiovascular muscles. If you just buy wisely, you can get low fat substitutes or even cholesterol-free substitutes. Do not just pick the food and eat them at home because you saw the ad last night. It is important to read the labels. Dont worry with thousands of food manufacturers, you will have a wide range of choices for the low or zero fat substitutes you need. Dont have to crush over crash diets. Crash diet is a regimen that you want to take for a couple of days to lose weight. However, crash diets may really get you crushed. After the crash diet, the biggest tendency, you will surely go double your size. Most crash dieters experience many cravings for the food they miss for the couple of days. Just last week, diet is on the go; but for the current week, another dish party is happening. Teeth are for chewing, not for biting. You have teeth because foods must be chewed; and  not to  be  swallowed directly. It is very important to chew foods properly up to 8 or 12 times. Chewed foods will be digested faster than swallowed ones. It will help the digestive system to burn them, and it will help in reducing the risk of constipation, which will also add problem to weight loss management, Go dry for wines. Sweet wines, are tasty but with the taste, you also need to cope with with the problem of weight gains. Dry wines are fermented longer taking away the sweetness of grapes. It will be good to go for dry wines than sweet glasses. Lets do the exercise day by day, not one single day. Physical fitness does not happen after you lift weights. You need to work it out. Start slowly and increase the pace as you are accustomed to your regimen. Do not worry the body will work for its best. Just keep your pace, things will work best. It takes time; wait for it. Pre-weight management. Before you start any exercise or regimen, be sure to have a point of start. It will be the foundation of the changes. Keep track with the changes most changes in weight happen after two weeks. Just give it a break for two weeks, and you will see the big change. Reward; encourage; be humane. After a series of hardship with weights in the gym, it is time to take a break. For the meantime, you are winning. You motivate yourself by treating yourself to movies or for a book, or anything that will make you happy, except foods. Sometimes, everything pays after hardship and a reward will increase your drive. Weight Loss Tips for Exercise Rest a day, but not a week. The human has its own limitations. You need to take a rest after a series of weight lifting and other exercises. However, do not lay things off. You must be back the soonest possible time. Get out; do it outdoor. If you have time and the area permits, it is very great to exercise outside. Mainly, you will be able to breathe fresh air and enjoy the morning breeze. Secondly, an exercise outdoor will ease out your body from the frustrations and stresses of the day. Be informed. Exercise is not just a physical exercise. There are exercises that will work best for your body. You need to know the different of strength exercises to abdominal workouts. Buying a book or a guide will do good for you and for your way to lose weight. Have a buddy and be encouraged. Being alone is one of the hardest things to consider. Ask another friend who also suffers from the same weight problem. You help him or her; and he or she will motivate you to exercise more and more. Its all about taking a partner to stand with and encourage. A tap in the shoulder will keep you working out or a call, while your lazy in getting out from bed, to keep you in the regimen. Stop when the body says stop. Do not strain your muscles. There are things that you need to consider. Over-fatigue will do much harm to your body. It will not keep your body working for the right moves and intensity. Take a break. It is not a rush contest. Dont go for the rush; take it at a time. Increasing the length of the exercise is a great idea to keep up your muscles and body to lose weight. However, you must not do it in one single blow, otherwise, you will surely go to the hospital for muscle strains. Do the increase gradually and slowly. Just keep the routine and sooner you will be able to increase your time. Make your own exercise schedule and style. Exercise is a personal matter to deal with. It is very important to make your own schedule and style the one that will suit your lifestyle. Not all in the book will work for you you must find out the right set for you. Walk more; stand less. Standing will just keep your body in relaxation but straining position. Try to walk around the corner to keep your blood circulating. Stand more, sit less. Sitting will keep your metabolism low, but if you stand your energies will be used up. Sit more, lie less. Want to lie in bed? Stop it. Sit down and keep your body working. Hey, youre not a couch potato, stop acting like one. If you really love to sit down in a chair and watch television for hours without anything to work on, it is time to kill the television and throw the chair. Find a chair that will not give you the comfort that you need. You dont deserve that now. Dont think this is too cruel it is for your best. Stretch your flex. Your job requires you to sit down for half a day? Well, break the blood lake. It is good to stand up and stretch muscles from time to time. Tele-walk will do good. While taking calls, you can walk in the area. Do not lazily sit down. Be patient forget the elevator, there is none invented yet. Elevators are made to speed up your way. It is good to take the lift while going up the floor. However, if you are going down, and you have nothing to rush for it will be better to trudge the stairs. It is a fine exercise that will keep your lower muscles in great shape. Plus, it will surely burn those stored fats in your body. It is just all about patience. Dont worry, it will surely pay. Quit smoking. Smoking is not the main culprit but the effects of smoking. Smoking may hamper weight loss by altering your food intake. Those who smoke tend to eat a bigger amount of foods than  Ã‚  non-smokers. Run a bit; its not race. Run a day but do not strain your body. Dont worry you wont qualify for the marathon. Walk is better if you cant run. If your doctor advises you not to run, dont. Brisk walking can do the magic. Walk if situation permits. If you need something by the next block, dont ride. You can walk around and enjoy the exercise. Drink black coffee before any workout. Caffeine may increase food intake; but you drink it before work out, the body will be forced to use fats that are stored in your body. However, there is no known evidence to this, but you may try. A caution: Excess of coffee leads to obesity. If you want to drink black coffee, be sure to take it lightly. Take an effort; forget the remote. With everything in your house run by remotes, you will go lazy, and you dont have to take an effort. It is about time to do it manually. If you need to stop the air conditioning system, you stand up and do it. There are things in the house that can be done manually. Reliance on remotes will just keep you in one place; and it will cut short your metabolism. Do it, instead of letting others do it. Most adults tend to tell their kids to do things for them. Well, oldies must be given special care. However, it will also stop your body from moving and exercising. If you can do the job, it is better to do it like turning the television on and off or taking a glass of water. Some others train their dogs to do things for them. You must not let the dog be healthy, and you are obese. Think it. Are you thinking about taking the elevator? Well, think again. Elevators will let you gain weight, go lazy and stand there without anything to work on. Now, before you ride the lift, it is great to think. Alternatively, else take the stairs and enjoy the perspiration. Be wise while watching. Often while you are watching television and faced with commercial breaks, you would look at another channel. A bad idea. It is time to walk a bit outside while commercial breaks are going on. Do not worry breaks are not important. Do not glue yourself to the television set or to the chair. It takes a lot of discipline. Work the joints. While sitting in your office, try to wriggle your toes and fingers. It will greatly help to keep stress away and to let blood flow to the joints of the body. It is a big thing that you do it as often as you can. Dance often. You havent danced for a while? Well, you dont need to have a party to grab a dance. Prepare some music in the room and close the door. Let yourself freely groove. Dont worry, nobody sees you. Just let your hair fall; dance wild; jump more and perspire more. Throw and fetch. You carry a soft disc with you. It will help you cope with with stress. You can throw it when you are angry or whenever you are prompted to do so. It is a great stress reliever. Actually, you are having a great exercise while getting the disc. This is very simple, but you will soon find the best effects of fetching. Embark earlier and walk. If you dont have a schedule to rush for, some walk in the street will do more than riding right to the door. You get down from the cab a block away from your destination, you walk around. It will help you to have a nice exercise while enjoying the day. Pelvic gyrations will help; but dont show it much, its not the dancing pole. The midsection of the body is often left out during exercises. It will be very great to have a time to do stomach crunches and other abdominal exercises. However, for a start pelvic gyrations will be best. You take some gyrations while others are busy doing their own stuff. Tuck your tummy-tacks. Actually, it is not really good to show off those gaits. You look piggish. You wear a belt and bring your tummy into subjection. Be sure to pressure your stomach to keep muscles intact. It will help to tone down your abdomen without much effort. Breathing is as important as jogging. Simple inhales and exhales will keep your abdomen in pressure to keep the air pathways clear. You can do the breathing exercises as often as you can. It can be done anywhere. Yoga will control you. One of the best advantages of yoga is the way to control and discipline the muscles of the body. You will be able to keep your muscles from weight gain. It will surely grab a lot of time, but it will definitely pay. Massage will get partners working. It is very important for partners to stay in fit. There are simple exercises that pairs can do. Simultaneous back scratching will help partners to keep their muscles in pressure. However, it is very important to have another pair to be in hand to avoid partners doing more than expected. Punching pillows is a great past time. If you dont have punching bags at home, you may be tempted to make the face of your partner the bag. To keep you from doing that, it will be very great to punch pillows as much as you can. Whenever you dont anything do, rather than sleeping, you punch pillows. It will help you get an exercise, and it will relieve stress. Jump in stairs. Normal taking up the stairs will do great for you. However, if you have a great leg, it will be great to jump on the steps as you go down. A caution: be sure that your legs and feet are working well to avoid accidents. Dog and you for a run. Do you have a dog at home? Dont keep the dog bored at home. You take a dog for a run. You let the dog lead; keep the pace of the dog. It will surely burn your fats. Dance class enrollment. Dancing is one of the best ways to lose weight. You will be engaging in various activities that will pressure your muscles and will use your energies. There are fast ballroom dances that you can enjoy. Dont go for the slow one because it will just make things worst. Push against the wall. Whenever you can, lean against the wall and make push ups. It is great to keep the pressure on your lower part while making getting your muscles in the arms and upper torso in pressure. Swim. If there is a pool in your area, or a lake will do, it is great to take a swim every now and then. Swimming will surely get all those fats out of your body. It is very important to have the necessary training before you do it. Be athletic. Play team sports like basketball. Basketball will pressure your body to work on until the rest of the game. Table tennis and basketball require you to move from one point to another and the pace is quite fast enough. Sports have addictive effects, once you have played and enjoyed the time, you will surely look for a way to be back. Warm your body up. If you want to get the most out of your exercise, it is very important to keep the 10 minutes warm up. Exercises are good but if you are going to strain your muscles, it will give you the opposite effect. Readiness is a primary requirement to keep your exercises in great pace. Leave your phone and run for it. Taking your phone with you anywhere you go is not a great idea for you. It is great to leave your phone in a place where you can hear it. When someone calls, it will require you to run and reach it. It is a great thing to require movement of your muscles. Exercise in the elevator. If you just cant avoid taking the elevator, it is remarkably great to do some simple stretches. You flex your muscles and do simple wriggling of toes and fingers. These activities are very simple, but it will make your elevator ride worth the time. Check your body. You stand in front of the mirror and try to figure out whats wrong with your body. It is very important to evaluate how you appear. You need to check if tummy fats are still alive. You weigh yourself and evaluate how you have progressed from the day you first weighed yourself. You need to evaluate yourself and recommend to yourself some other things you havent done if there are things you dont like. Bike in the baluster. If your house has a baluster, think crazily. You ride the baluster and imagine yourself taking a bike ride. You pump your legs as if acting like taking a pedal. It will keep the muscles of your body in great shape, and it is a great substitute to real biking. Sit erect. One of the main things that you need to consider is sitting straight in the chair. Do not slouch. As you sit down, try to hide your fats away. You put them inside your body, and you push your chest out. Do it oftentimes to correct your bad posture. Heres the tummy secret. Well, most weight loss people want to get the worst of their tummies. The tummy is the main thing it has a big mind of its own for foods, and it shows off whenever you walk or stand. To eliminate this problem, lets take a drill. You stand erect; you inhale as deep as you can and take your tummy in as hard as you can. As you exhale, be sure not let your tummy out do the exhaling slowly. You do the drill for 60 times in 20 days, and you will see the result. It is very hard for your stomach muscles to be tucked in but sooner as you progress, it will just be as simple as inhale and exhale. WhiteSmoke Writing Index 9 out of 10   Good

Nuestra Familia Essay -- Violence

A gang is an organized group with a recognized leader whose activities are either criminal or, at the very least, threatening to the community. (Walker, 2011) Throughout history there have been some infamous gangs that have gotten media attention and others that have gone under the radar. One of the more underground gang structures are prison gangs. The Nuestra Familia may not be in the news as much anymore compared to other gangs, but they are nothing to be taken lightly. Prison gangs have been around since the late 20th century and only seem to be getting stronger if nothing is going to be done to prevent them. Gangs in prison have members in and out of prison. One of the more popular gangs that has been gaining steam recently is the mainly Hispanic gang La Nuestra Familia. The purpose of this paper is to write about the history of the NF, the structure in which it operates, and some good preventative tactics that could prevent prison gangs from becoming stronger. Nuestra Familia (NF, Spanish for Our Family) was created in the late 1960’s at the Soledad Correction Training Facility in California. (NF 2011) Nuestra Familia was created because some of the Spanish inmates had gotten tired of the abuse handed out by the Mexican Mafia to fellow Mexicans. (Nuestra Family (2011)) Nuestra Familia was created as protection from the Mexican Mafia for young Mexican-American from rural areas. The first members of Nuestra Familia were strictly from Northern or Central California. (NF 2011) The all-out prison war between the Mexican Mafia and Nuestra Familia occurred in 1968 when Sonny Pena was stabbed to death by a member of the Mexican Mafia at San Quentin state prison. The recruitment for the two gangs split California in two. ... ...reventionservices.org/nf.asp Nuestra familia . (2001, March 15). Retrieved from http://www.gangs187.com/lanuestrafamilia.html Geniella, M. Us ca: inside pelican bay. (2009, February 05). Retrieved from http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n707/a04.html Morales, G. (2007). Nuestra Familia. Retrieved from http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/nf.asp Nuestra Familia. (2005). Retrieved from http://prisonoffenders.com/nuestra_familia.html Nuestra Familia. (2011). The History Channel website. Retrieved 2:17, December 4, 2011, from http://www.history.com/shows/gangland/articles/nuestra-familia. The History Channel. (Producer) (2008). Blood in, blood out [Television series episode]. In Gangland. New York: History. Retrieved from Reynolds, J. (2008, July 1). Nuestra familia: Our family. Retrieved from http://www.nuestrafamiliaourfamily.com/pages/glossary.html

Decision Making Across the Organization

The Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product and would like to evaluate the costs of manufacturing through capital intensive and labor intensive manufacturing methods to determine which of the two methods to employ. The values to be used in the evaluation for capital intensive manufacturing are direct materials at $5 per unit, direct labor at $6 per unit, a variable overhead of $3 per unit, and fixed manufacturing costs of $2,508,000. The values for material, labor, and overhead are summed to find the total variable cost of $14.The labor intensive values are direct materials at $5.50 per unit, direct labor at $8 per unit, a variable overhead of $4. 50 per unit, and fixed manufacturing costs of $1,538,000. The research department of Martinez recommended an introductory price unit sales price of $30. Incremental selling expenses are estimated to be $502,000 annually plus $2 for each unit sold regardless of the method used to manufacture. Capital Intensive To calculate ca pital intensive estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product the contribution margin per unit and contribution margin per ratio are necessary.The equation for contribution margin per unit is Selling Price + Variable Cost, or $30 + $14, for a contribution margin per unit price of $16. The equation for contribution margin ration is Contribution Margin per Unit / Selling Price, or $16/$30, for a contribution margin ratio of 53%. The break-even point in units is calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit value, $2,508,000 / $16 = 156750 units as the break-even point. The fixed costs divided by the contribution margin ratio, $2,508,000 / 53% = $4,702,500 break-even point in dollars. Labor IntensiveTo calculate capital intensive estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product the contribution margin per unit and contribution margin per ratio are necessary. The equation for contribution margin per unit is Selling Pric e + Variable Cost, or $30 + $18, for a contribution margin per unit price of $12. The equation for contribution margin ratio is Contribution Margin per Unit / Selling Price, or $12/$30, for a contribution margin ratio of 40%. The break-even point in units is calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit value, $1,538,000 / $12 = 128,167 units as the break-even point.The fixed costs divided by the contribution margin ratio, $1,538,000 / 40% = $3,845,000 break-even point in dollars. Unit Sales Volume of Indifference The volume of unit sales at which the Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods is calculated as Sales = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Net Income. The value for sales is equivalent to the sales price, $30, multiplied by the number of units sold. Variable costs of $14 for capital intensive and $18 for labor intensive are also multiplied by the number of units sold.Fixed costs were provided at $2,508,000 for cap ital intensive and $1,538,000 for labor intensive. Net income is assumed to be $0. The equation values for 180,000 units under capital intensive manufacturing and 240,000 under labor intensive manufacturing is the volume of units for each method to equal sales of $2,880,000, the point at which the annual unit sales volume would be indifferent. Conclusion Evaluating the costs of manufacturing help management to make crucial decisions about methods of manufacturing that will result in profit for the business.Evaluating the capital intensive manufacturing method versus the labor intensive method provides the values necessary to make business decisions. The circumstances in which the Martinez Company would employ a capital intensive manufacturing method for the new product, based on the numbers provided in the scenario, would be if the contribution margin and per unit cost were cheaper than the labor intensive values. In this scenario, the labor intensive values offer a smaller break-ev en point value for units and dollars than the capital intensive method of manufacturing. Decision Making Across the Organization The Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product and would like to evaluate the costs of manufacturing through capital intensive and labor intensive manufacturing methods to determine which of the two methods to employ. The values to be used in the evaluation for capital intensive manufacturing are direct materials at $5 per unit, direct labor at $6 per unit, a variable overhead of $3 per unit, and fixed manufacturing costs of $2,508,000. The values for material, labor, and overhead are summed to find the total variable cost of $14.The labor intensive values are direct materials at $5.50 per unit, direct labor at $8 per unit, a variable overhead of $4.50 per unit, and fixed manufacturing costs of $1,538,000. The research department of Martinez recommended an introductory price unit sales price of $30. Incremental selling expenses are estimated to be $502,000 annually plus $2 for each unit sold regardless of the method used to manufacture. Capital IntensiveTo calculate capi tal intensive estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product the contribution margin per unit and contribution margin per ratio are necessary. The equation for contribution margin per unit is Selling Price + Variable Cost, or $30 + $14, for a contribution margin per unit price of $16. The equation for contribution margin ration is Contribution Margin per Unit / Selling Price, or $16/$30, for a contribution margin ratio of 53%.The break-even point in units is calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit value, $2,508,000 / $16 = 156750 units as the break-even point. The fixed costs divided by the contribution margin ratio, $2,508,000 / 53% = $4,702,500 break-even point in dollars. Labor IntensiveTo calculate capital intensive estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product the contribution margin per unit and contribution  margin per ratio are necessary. The equation for contribution margin per unit is Selling Pri ce + Variable Cost, or $30 + $18, for a contribution margin per unit price of $12.The equation for contribution margin ratio is Contribution Margin per Unit / Selling Price, or $12/$30, for a contribution margin ratio of 40%. The break-even point in units is calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit value, $1,538,000 / $12 = 128,167 units as the break-even point. The fixed costs divided by the contribution margin ratio, $1,538,000 / 40% = $3,845,000 break-even point in dollars. Unit Sales Volume of IndifferenceThe volume of unit sales at which the Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods is calculated as Sales = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Net Income. The value for sales is equivalent to the sales price, $30, multiplied by the number of units sold. Variable costs of $14 for capital intensive and $18 for labor intensive are also multiplied by the number of units sold. Fixed costs were provided at $2,508,000 for ca pital intensive and $1,538,000 for labor intensive.Net income is assumed to be $0. The equation values for 180,000 units under capital intensive manufacturing and 240,000 under labor intensive manufacturing is the volume of units for each method to equal sales of $2,880,000, the point at which the annual unit sales volume would be indifferent.ConclusionEvaluating the costs of manufacturing help management to make crucial decisions about methods of manufacturing that will result in profit for the business. Evaluating the capital intensive manufacturing method versus the labor intensive method provides the values necessary to make business decisions.The circumstances in which the Martinez Company would employ a capital intensive manufacturing method for the new product, based on the numbers provided in the scenario, would be if the contribution margin and per unit cost were cheaper than the labor intensive values. In this scenario, the labor intensive values offer a smaller break-even point value for units and dollars than the capital intensive method of manufacturing.

The Relationship between pupil expenditure in high and low capacity school districts and community variables

Across the nation, the public, lawmakers and educators have become deeply concerned with finding ways to measure the effectiveness of schools and school systems. Politicians and educators have been struggling with developing useful yardsticks for school effectiveness that are honest, accurate and easily comprehended. The initial stages of this effort have often resulted in evaluations that assess, judge and even mete out consequences to schools who’ve been measured by a small set of benchmarks that often do not reflect the context of the individual school.Many states, including Rhode Island, have published annual state achievement results. People have used these results to rank order districts and schools on the basis of those results as if the schools were competing on a level playing field. While valid for certain purposes, these methods encourage the public to draw sometimes unfortunate conclusions about the value of a school or school system because the yardstick itself is not sensitive to differences in school contexts, to other information about school practices, or to achievement results which are not part of the formal state assessment program.In this study we will undertake the analysis from the financial perspective and study the relationship between pupil expenditure in high and low capacity school districts and community variables. A multiple regression model will be used in order to statistically evaluate the relationship (Information works, 01) 2- LITERATURE REVIEW A hypothesis (H) is an unproven statement or proposition about a factor or phenomenon that is of interest to the researcher. It may, for example, be a tentative statement about relationships between two or more variables as stipulated by the theoretical framework or the analytical model.Often, a hypothesis is a possible answer to the research question. Hypotheses go beyond research questions because they are statements of relationships or propositions rather than merely question to which answers are sought. Whereas research questions are interrogative, Hypotheses are declarative and can be tested empirically. An important role of a hypothesis is to suggest variables to be included in the research design (Malhotra, 77). A literature review will be undertaken in order to develop hypothesis which will be tested in the study.In our study we will use the same variables as Gaudet used in the study of performance of the MCAS tests. Using these variables we will test the relationship with the pupil expenditure in school districts. These include level of educational attainment of school districts, income level, percentage of households above the poverty line, its percentage of single-parent families, its percentage of non-English-speaking households, and its level of private school enrollment in school districts. 3- REASONS FOR CHOOSING THIS TOPICThe fundamental reason for choosing this topic is that having searched literature I found that very few works have been c onducted concerning the relationship between pupil expenditure in high and low capacity school districts and community variables. Since most of the studies have been focusing the students’ performances as the indicator of the success of the school systems. This fact has encouraged me to do this piece of work in order to contribute to the existing knowledge about this subject by adding a new point of view.Another reason is that most people who are involved in the evaluation of the school systems have poor background in finance, so it is so difficult for them to understand the pros and cons of the financial aspects of the school systems. In addition to that analysts and common people should understand the relationship between pupil expenditure in high and low capacity school districts and community variables. They should not only concentrate on educational tools but also address the community variables while designing the educational expenditure policies in order to improve the performance of the school system in the United States.